Department Of Political Science/Texas State University
The online version of this syllabus can be accessed @ http://arnoldleder.com/4354.htm.
Password protected materials for this course can be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html.  Scroll to the section on "Terrorism".  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course.  For links to web syllabi for other courses taught by Dr. Leder see: http://www.arnoldleder.com/.
For a list of undergraduate courses in Political Science by group, see: http://www.polisci.txstate.edu/courses/undergrad-courses.html.

Office: ELA 335
Office Hours: TBA & by appointment
Texas State University Academic Schedule
Texas State University Final Exam Schedule
Schedule of Classes @ Texas State University

Selected Web Resources For Texas State University
Texas State University Library
Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library
Citation & Bibliographic Styles & Related Information

Note On Course & Syllabus Materials: Students may find books, articles, links, websites, and other materials provided in this syllabus useful and of interest. Their listing in this syllabus, including those which are required and recommended, does not necessarily indicate endorsement of or agreement with any views or positions on any issues found in these materials, websites, or on other sites to which they may provide links.

Note On Access To Articles:  Access to articles through the Texas State University Library, @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library available to all Texas State University students, requires a valid User Name and a Password.  Most of the links in this syllabus provide direct access to the article.

Password Protected Materials: Some materials on this web syllabus are password protected and are directly accessible @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html. These materials are for student use. The password will be provided to students in the course.
 
Note: Wikipedia is used in several instances in this syllabus as a convenient reference on a variety of matters.  Students should be aware of the dispute among academics and others with respect to the reliability and accuracy of Wikipedia and they should not assume that a Wikipedia entry is the last word or most accurate information on the subject.  For an interesting essay on Wikipedia, see:  Stacy Schiff/Know It All: Can Wikipedia conquer expertise?/The New Yorker/July 31, 2006 (Note: See Naom Cohen's NYT March 05, 2007 article, also noted below, for a problem with Schiff's article.)
Schiff's article may be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library  A valid Texas State University student ID and user name are required.

See also: Noam Cohen/A History Department (Middlebury College in Vermont) Bans Citing Wikipedia as a Research Source/NYT February 21, 2007
Naom Cohen/A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side/NYT March 05, 2007
With Wikipedia, what you see is not always what you get (with related links)/blog.foreignpolicy.com/node/3872/March 06, 2007 (Note the reference in this piece to the Stacy Schiff article above in which Schiff interviewed a Wikipedia site administrator and contributor called Essjay whose academic credentials were, in fact, fabricated.)

For information on self-interested editing of Wikipedia, see: Katie Hafner/Seeing Corporate Fingerprints in Wikipedia Edits/NYT August 19, 2007.
"... examples of insider editing came to light last week through WikiScanner, a new Web site that traces the source of millions of changes to Wikipedia, the popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit.
The site, http://wikiscanner.virgil.gr/, created by a computer science graduate student, cross-references an edited entry on Wikipedia with the owner of the computer network where the change originated, using the Internet protocol address of the editor’s network. The address information was already available on Wikipedia, but the new site makes it much easier to connect those numbers with the names of network owners.
Since Wired News first wrote about WikiScanner last week, Internet users have spotted plenty of interesting changes to Wikipedia by people at nonprofit groups and government entities like the Central Intelligence Agency. Many of the most obviously self-interested edits have come from corporate networks".

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OVERVIEW OF COURSE

Course Title
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

Topics
I. Conceptual Concerns: "Conventional", "Rancorous", & "Extremist" Politics
II. Terrorism: Definitions, "Causes", & Dimensions
III. Conceptualizing Terrorism: Strategic Choice; Product Of Psychological Forces; Fantasy; War; Culture
IV. Religion & Terrorism: Radical Islam
V. Suicide & Terrorism
VI. Women & Terrorism
VII. Islam in the West: Globalization, "Individualization", & Radicalism
VIII. Islam in Russia
IX. Defeating Terrorism: Terrorist Organization, Intelligence, Interrogation, & Moral Dimensions
X.  The Future Of Terrorism

Note On Access To Articles:  Access to articles through the Texas State University Library, available to all Texas State University students, requires a valid User Name and a Password.  Most of the links in this syllabus provide direct access to the article.

Password Protected Materials: Some materials on this web syllabus are password protected and are directly accessible @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html. These materials are for student use. The password will be provided to students in the course.

Course Description & Purpose
This course is an undergraduate seminar on international terrorism.  Theoretical literature, cross-national studies, single-case studies, and visits to selected web sites serve as the basis for examination and understanding of this phenomenon.

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COURSE ORGANIZATION & STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES

Class Participation, Oral Presentations, Exams, Papers, Grades
1. This course will be conducted as a seminar.  Students must attend every class meeting and be prepared to discuss assigned readings and other materials.  Active participation in class discussion is essential.  Course grades will be determined by oral presentations, class participation, and written papers.
2. Determinants of Course Grade: Oral Reports & Presentations 25%/ Seminar Participation 15%/ Essay Exams/Papers 60%

Attendance
1. One (1) unexcused absence is permitted.  Students with two (2) unexcused absences will have their course grade lowered by one letter grade.  Students who have three (3) unexcused absences will have their course grade lowered by two letter grades.  No absences beyond four (4) for any reason are permitted.  Any student who has more than four absences is likely to fail the course and, therefore, should withdraw from the course.
2. The instructor for the course is not responsible for bringing students who have missed class "up-to-date" on missed material.  Each student has the responsibility to remain current with respect to class material.

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Academic Honesty Statement/Texas State University
STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES
Please see: Academic Honesty Statement for Texas State University @
http://www.txstate.edu/effective/upps/upps-07-10-01.html.
An excerpt from this statement can be found at the end of this syllabus.
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COURSE CONTENT

Required Books
-Paul Berman/Terror And Liberalism (Norton 2003)
-Mia Bloom/Dying To Kill: The Allure Of Suicide Terror (Columbia University Press 2005)
-Ian Buruma & Avishai Margalit/Occidentalism: The West In The Eyes Of Its Enemies (Penguin 2004)
-Bruce Hoffman/Inside Terrorism (Columbia University Press 2006)
-Walter Reich(ed.)/Origins Of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States Of Mind (Johns Hopkins University Press 1990 & 1998)

Recommended Books For Additional Reading On Issues Related To This Course:
(Please Note: These books are listed for the benefit and convenience of interested students. They are NOT required reading.)
Jean Bethke Elshtain/Just War Against Terror (Basic Books 2003)
Joseph Conrad/Under Western Eyes (Penguin - First Published 1911)
David Cook/Understanding Jihad (University of California Press 2005)
*Jessica A. Coope/The Martyrs of Cordoba:Community & Conflict In An Age Of Mass Conversion [During Muslim Rule In Spain 850-859]/(Univ. Of Nebraska Press1995)
Joel S. Fetzer, J. Christopher Soper/Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany (Cambridge University Press 2005)
Fawaz A.Gerges/The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (Cambridge University Press 2005)
Philip Jenkins/Images Of Terror;What We Can And Cannot Know About Terrorism (Aldine de Gruyter 2003)
Farhad Khosrokhavar/Suicide Bombers: Allah's New Martyrs (Pluto Press 2005-Translated from the original 2002 French editon)
Walter Laqueur/No End To War: Terrorism In The Twenty-First Century (Continuum 2003)
Matthew Levitt/Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad (Yale University Press 2006)
Ami Pedahzur/Suicide Terrorism (Polity Press 2005)
Olivier Roy/Globalized Islam: The Search For A New Ummah (Columbia University Press 2004)
Marc Sageman/Understanding Terror Networks (University of Pennsylvania Press 2004)
*Coope, The Martyrs of Cordoba, is not about terrorism.  This overlooked, interesting book provides insight into the connection between religion and a willingness and even desire to die in defense of one's faith among radical Christians who feared assimilation into the flourishing Arab Muslim culture during the period of Muslim rule of much of Spain or al-Andalus.

Required Articles
Required articles are listed separately in each section of the syllabus.

Required Films/Videos
One Day In September (1999) [1hr. 34 min.]  Academy Award winning documentary on the 1972 massacre of Israeli athletes by Palestinian terrorists at the Olympics in Munich.
The Battle Of Algiers (1967) [French with English Subtitles - 2hrs. 1 min.] The classic propaganda film justifying terrorism.  This film has inspired many terrorist groups and it has been studied by various counter-terrorist agencies.

Recommended Films/Videos
My Son The Fanatic (British 1997) [1hr. 27 min.]
For more on this film see: June Thomas/The First 7/7 Movie: In the Wake of the London Bombings, a look back at My Son the Fanatic/slate.com/July 18 2005
Excerpt from June Thomas essay on the film My Son The Fanatic:
"After 9/11, the big question was why: Why do they hate us? In the days following 7/7, everyone seems to be asking how: How could apparently assimilated, British-born Muslims end up stuffing bombs into their backpacks and murdering dozens of their compatriots in the Tube and on a London double-decker bus?"

Some possible answers are offered in Udayan Prasad's 1997 movie My Son the Fanatic. Written by Hanif Kureishi (based on a skeletal short story he first published in The New Yorker), the film shows how the British-born son of Pakistani immigrants morphs from a clothes-obsessed, cricket-playing, music-loving accountancy student into a devout Muslim who rails against the corruption and emptiness of Western society, much to the uncomprehending consternation of his father."

Hate (French w/English subtitles 1995 [1hr. 35 min.]
An intense, violent film that depicts the life of angry, disaffected minority youth in the suburbs of Paris.  Offers some insight into the perspective of mostly Muslim rioting youth in France, although the three young men on whom this disturbing film focuses are ethnically African, Arab, and Jewish.
For more on this film see: Alan Riding/In France, Artists Have Sounded the Warning Bells for Years NYT November 24, 2005
Excerpt from Alan Riding essay on the film Hate:
"So life often imitates art. Yet with the recent uprisings in some French immigrant neighborhoods, this cliché came with a new twist: art in the form of movies and rap music has long been warning that French-born Arab and black youths felt increasingly alienated from French society, that their banlieues were ripe for explosion.

Certainly, anyone who saw Mathieu Kassovitz's film, 'La Haine', or 'Hate' a decade ago had no reason to be surprised by this fall's violence. At the time, Kassovitz's portrayal of a seething immigrant Paris suburb, even his choice of the word 'hate' for his title, seemed shocking, even exaggerated. Today, the movie could almost pass as a documentary.

In 'Hate', burning cars light up the soulless space between high-rise public housing projects as local residents protest the beating of a young Arab, Ahmed. Nearby, graffiti proclaim: 'Don't forget, the police kill.' Three angry and restless youths - a Jew, an Arab and a black - visit Ahmed in the hospital and are themselves beaten by the police. They plan revenge."
See also:  http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contemp1/lahaine.htm

Chaos (French w/English subtitles 2001 [1hr. 49 min.]
"Although comedy takes precedence in most parts of the film, it is the social commentary part that will spark the most debate. France has the largest Muslim population in Europe, mostly from its citizens who are from its former colonies in North Africa. Culture clashes are inevitable when a burgeoning and mostly traditional Muslim society slowly assimilates itself within a Western society that lives by much different values. In this film, Serreau tries to address the hot issue of traditional Muslim society’s treatment of women, specifically the issue of fathers 'selling' their teenage daughters into marriages with much older men. Melodrama aside, 'Chaos' has a serious message to convey to its audience and it does it with force and without fear".
Excerpt from:  http://www.dvdtown.com/review/chaos/11612/1928/

For a Review Essay on Films Related to Islam in the West see:
Alan Riding/On Screen, Tackling Europe's New Reality (Review of Films by and/or about Muslims In Europe-w/links to information on noted films)/NYT/January 18 2005

Munich (Spielberg 2005 [2hrs. 44 min.]) See reviews below in "3. Dimensions Of Terrorism: Ethno-Nationalist & Separatist Terrorism; International Terrorism" in Section II.
 

Topics For Reading, Oral Presentations, & Discussion

I. Conceptual Concerns: "Conventional", "Rancorous", & "Extremist" Politics
Lecture & Discussion
Readings: Joel Olson, "The Freshness of Fanaticism: The Abolitionist Defense of Zealotry", Perspectives on Politics, Volume 5, Number 4, December 2007, pp. 685-701.  This article can be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html.  Scroll to the section on "Terrorism" and look for the author and title of this article.  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course.
Abstract:
Zealotry or fanaticism is increasingly regarded as one of the principal threats to liberal democracy in the twenty-first century. Yet even as it is universally disparaged, zealotry is a severely understudied concept. This article seeks to formulate a critical theory of zealotry and investigate its relationship to democracy through a close reading of the speeches of the radical abolitionist orator Wendell Phillips. The American abolitionists were passionate democrats. Yet many of them, such as Phillips, were also self-defined fanatics who believed in using extremist language and tactics on behalf of the slave. Phillips's speeches suggest a specifically political definition of zealotry as a strategy that seeks to mobilize populations in defense of a particular position by dividing the public sphere into friends (those who support the position) and enemies (those who oppose it) and pressuring the moderates in between. Through his defense of fanaticism and his argument for disunion, Phillips articulates a democratic form of fanaticism that challenges common pejorative associations of zealotry with irrationality, intolerance, fundamentalism, or terrorism.  (boldface added)

Cass R. Sunstein, "The Polarization of Extremes", Chronicle of Higher Education, December 14, 2007, Volume 54, Issue 16, p. B9.  Direct Texas State University library permalink @ http://libproxy.txstate.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=28105290&site=ehost-live.  A valid Texas State University user name and password are required.
"... an experiment conducted in Colorado in 2005, designed to cast light on the consequences of self-sorting.
...  In almost every case, people held more-extreme positions after they spoke with like-minded others.
... 
A key consequence of this kind of self-sorting is what we might call enclave extremism. When people end up in enclaves of like-minded people, they usually move toward a more extreme point in the direction to which the group's members were originally inclined. Enclave extremism is a special case of the broader phenomenon of group polarization, which extends well beyond politics and occurs as groups adopt a more extreme version of whatever view is antecedently favored by their members. Why do enclaves, on the Internet and elsewhere, produce political polarization? The first explanation emphasizes the role of information.  (boldface added)

The final explanation is the most subtle, and probably the most important. The starting point here is that on many issues, most of us are really not sure what we think. Our lack of certainty inclines us toward the middle. Outside of enclaves, moderation is the usual path. Now imagine that people find themselves in enclaves in which they exclusively hear from others who think as they do. As a result, their confidence typically grows, and they become more extreme in their beliefs. Corroboration, in short, reduces tentativeness, and an increase in confidence produces extremism. Enclave extremism is particularly likely to occur on the Internet because people can so easily find niches of like-minded types — and discover that their own tentative view is shared by others".

INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

II. Terrorism
1. Defining Terrorism: An Overview
Readings: Hoffman, Chapter 1; Laqueur, pp. 138-149 and Appendix, pp.232-238; Avishag Gordon, "Terrorism as an Academic Subject after 9/11: Searching the Internet Reveals a Stockholm Syndrome Trend", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, January-February 2005, Vol. 28: 45-59.  This article can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.  This article can also be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html.  Scroll to section on "Terrorism" and look for the author and title of this article.  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course. 
For some discussion of the "Stockholm Syndrome" in a different context, see this recommended article:
Rick Perlstein/That Girl: The Captivity and Restoration of Patty Hearst/The Nation December 29, 2008
"The story of the hostage who comes by turns to identify with the captor is one of the oldest ever told. Tales of unsullied Puritan maidens kidnapped by Indians only to end up 'going native' were staples of early American literature. The Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, which describes the ordeal of a minister's wife held for eleven weeks by Narragansett Indians during King Philip's War in 1676, was among the first such narratives, and it was enormously popular when it was published in Boston in 1682. Three hundred years later, a similar story seized the West's imagination: in Stockholm in 1973, after four customers were taken hostage in a holdup of the Sveriges Kreditbank, there were reports that one of them became affianced to one of the bank robbers. The archetype is of such sturdy provenance, in fact, that it surprised me to learn from William Graebner's Patty's Got a Gun that it wasn't until six years after the Kreditbank incident that the term 'Stockholm syndrome' appeared in the American mass media. The phrase first surfaced in 1979, Graebner explains, 'when Time magazine suggested that the syndrome might have taken hold among those being held hostage by Iranian militants in Tehran.' Perhaps the obsession with the notion of a loss of self under conditions of duress is so primal, so elemental of modern anxieties, that people feared to give it a proper name. Until, that is, the 1970s--a time so drenched in the detritus of captivity that the culture suddenly could not do without the shorthand."  (boldface added)

For background information on the related issue of "brainwashing", see this highly recommended article on the 1962 film "The Manchurian Candidate":
Susan L. Carruthers,"The Manchurian Candidate (1962) & The Cold War Brainwashing Scare", Historical Journal Of Film, Radio & Television, March1998.
The classic film on conspiracy thinking referred to by both the left and the right. "Brainwashed" Americans held as prisoners of war by the North Koreans and others during the Koran War of 1950-1953 return to America where one of them has been programmed to commit assassination.  See this review of the film "The Manchurian Candidate" (1962).  This article is directly accessible with a valid Texas StateUniversity User Name and password @ http://libproxy.txstate.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hlh&AN=472884&site=ehost-live.

2. "Causes" Of Terrorism
Readings: Laqueur, Chapter 1 (recommended).
James Q. Wilson/What Makes a Terrorist?/City Journal/Winter 2004
Alan Krueger/What Makes a Terrorist/The American/November-December 2007, Vol. 1, No. 7.
Politicians, pundits, and religious leaders ascribe terrorism to poverty and lack of education.  Economic research points elsewhere.

3. Dimensions Of Terrorism
a. Ethno-Nationalist & Separatist Terrorism
Readings: Hoffman, Chapter 2.

b. The Internationalization of Terrorism
Readings: Hoffman, Chapter 3.

c. Public Opinion: Old & New Media
Readings: Hoffman, Chapters 6, 7.

See also: Alexander Wolff/When the Terror Began/Sports Illustrated/August 26 2002

Munich (Spielberg 2005 [2hrs. 44 min.] )
See:  Aaron J. Klein/The History Behind Munich: Separating truth from fiction in Spielberg's movie/Slate/December 23 2005
David Brooks, "What 'Munich' Left Out", NYT, December 11, 2005 @ http://www.israpundit.com/archives/2005/12/what_munich_lef.php
This Brooks article can also be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library. A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.  This article can also be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html. Scroll to section on "Terrorism" and look for the author and title of this article.  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course.
Edward Rothstein/Seeing Terrorism as Drama With Sequels and Prequels/NYT/December 26 2005
Leon Wieseltier, "Hits-Washington Diarist", The New Republic, December 19 2005.  The complete text of Wieseltier's essay can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.

For a wide ranging selection of links to both positive and negative views in the print media as well as in the "blogosphere" on Spielberg's film "Munich", see: http://www.keshertalk.com/archives/2005/12/munich_the_movi_2.php   The publishers of this blog, "Kesher Talk", describe the blog as "News and views from a hawkish liberal Jewish perspective..."  The views expressed on the sites to which this blog links and its own views as well do not necessarily reflect any views held by the instructor for this course.  The archival link to this blog's roundup of many different perspectives on Spielberg's film is provided here for interested students.

III. Conceptualizing Terrorism
1. Terrorism As Strategic Choice
Readings: Martha Crenshaw, "The Logic Of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior As A Product Of Strategic Choice" in Reich, Chapter 1.

Films/Videos:
The Battle Of Algiers (1967) [French With English Subtitles - 2hrs. 1 min.]

See also:  Alan A. Stone/ReelTerrorism: Reconsidering The Battle Of Algiers/Boston Review/February-March 2003
Philip Gourevitch/Winning & Losing (Iraq&TheFilm"The Battle Of Algiers")/The New Yorker/December 12, 2003
Charles Paul Freund/The Pentagon's Film Festival: A Primer for The Battle of Algiers/Slate/August 27, 2003
Christopher Hitchens/Guerrillas in the Mist:Why the war in Iraq is nothing like The Battle of Algiers/Slate/January 2, 2004
Leslie Camhi/Battle Cries: Fifty years on, a guerilla leader revisits the fight of his life/Village Voice/January 14-20, 2004

2. Terrorism As A Product Of Psychological Forces
Readings: Jerrold M. Post, "Terrorist Psycho-logic: Terrorism As A Product Of Psychological Forces" in Reich, Chapter 2.

Out there I’m a useless guy, unemployed and cursed by my family,” one militant said. “Here I’m a commander. My words have weight.”

Recommended:
Joseph Conrad/Under Western Eyes (Penguin - First Published 1911)
For remarks on the insights of Conrad's book, see: Tom Reiss/The True Classic of Terrorism/NYT/September 11, 2005

4. Terrorism As Totalitarianism's War Against Liberalism
Readings: Berman, Chapters I, II.
For more information on Paul Berman's book, Terror and Liberalism, and The Rebel by Albert Camus whose ideas Berman examines, see:
Paul Berman Interviewed @ The Carnegie Council/April 15, 2003/cceia.org by John P. Diggins   
"... Paul Berman, a writer ... recognized for his penetrating philosophical perspectives on a vast array of social and cultural topics. His latest work, (Terrror and Liberalism (Norton 2003 Paper Reprint 2004) focuses on a subject that is generating a great deal of interest, as it is the first book to address the political/philosophical dimensions of the current conflict found in Islamic fundamentalism and on the War on Terror."
Allen Barra/The rebel/Salon/November 01, 2004
"The rebel. The political right and left have been fighting for Albert Camus' legacy, but Europe's most influential literary export remains stubbornly elusive."
Scott McLemee/Fighting Words:Camus, Sartre, And The Rift That Helped Define Them/bookforum.com/Spring 2004

For a negative critique of Paul Berman's book, Terror and Liberalism, see:
Ian Buruma/Revolution from Above (A review of Paul Berman's Terror and Liberalism)/New York Review of Books/Vol. 50, No. 7, May 01, 2003

Western intellectuals without any sort of Middle Eastern background would naturally have manifested an ardent solidarity with their Middle Eastern and Muslim counterparts who stand in the liberal vein — the Muslim free spirits of our own time, who argue in favor of human rights, rational thought (as opposed to dogma), tolerance and an open society.

But that was then. In today’s Middle East, the various radical Islamists, basking in their success, paint their liberal rivals and opponents as traitors to Muslim civilization, stooges of crusader or Zionist aggression. And, weirdly enough, all too many intellectuals in the Western countries have lately assented to those preposterous accusations, in a sanitized version suitable for Western consumption.  (boldface added)

Even in the Western countries, quite a few Muslim liberals, the outspoken ones, live today under a threat of assassination, not to mention a reality of character assassination. Ayaan Hirsi Ali, the Somali-Dutch legislator and writer, is merely an exceptionally valiant example. But instead of enjoying the unstinting support of their non-Muslim colleagues, the Muslim liberals find themselves routinely berated in the highbrow magazines and the universities as deracinated nonentities, alienated from the Muslim world. Or they find themselves pilloried as stooges of the neoconservative conspiracy — quite as if any writer from a Muslim background who fails to adhere to at least a few anti-imperialist or anti-Zionist tenets of the Islamist doctrine must be incapable of thinking his or her own thoughts.

A dismaying development. One more sign of the power of the extremist ideologies — one more surprising turn of events, on top of all the other dreadful and gut-wrenching surprises".

For discussion of the similarities and differences between radical Islamism/Jihadism and fascism, see: David A. Charters, "Something Old, Something New...? Al Qaeda, Jihadism, and Fascism",  Terrorism & Political Violence, Spring 2007, Vol. 19, Issue 1 in section IV. 2C Jihad: Theory & Practice of this syllabus.

See also: Fouad Ajami/The Furrows of Algeria (review essay of The German Mujahid by Boualem Sansal, translated by Frank Wynne [Europa Editions 2009] /The New Republic February 18, 2010, Vol. 241, Issue 2, pp. 27-33.  This is a direct permalink to the Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University user name and password are required.
From the product description at amazon.com:
"Banned in the author's native Algeria for of the frankness with which it confronts several explosive themes, The German Mujahid is a truly groundbreaking novel. For the first time, an Arab author directly addresses the moral implications of the Shoah (The Holocaust). But this richly plotted novel also leaves its author room enough to address other equally controversial issues-Islamic fundamentalism and Algeria's "dirty war" of the early 1990s, for example; or the emergence of grim Muslim ghettos in France's low-income housing projects. In this gripping novel, Boualem Sansal confronts these and other explosive questions with unprecedented sincerity and courage."

From Fouad Ajami's review essay:
"In Sansal's unforgettable portrait of this malevolent figure, the totalitarianism of the first half of the twentieth century speaks to, and finds an echo in, a new totalitarianism. Its insistence upon this echo is one of the novel's most significant contributions to our understanding. After all, the Islamists did not descend from the sky. They were radical children of the faith, literalists in the way they read the scripture, angry men committed to forcing history's pace. They were convinced that the society around them had abandoned and betrayed the true faith. And in their attitude toward the Jews, in the way they dealt with the Zionist project in Palestine, and in the manner in which they came to read the Holocaust, the Islamists worked their will on older and "traditional" forms of prejudice, and forged a new and very lethal version of anti-Semitism." (boldface added)

See also: Ian Buruma, "The Origins Of Occidentalism", Chronicle of Higher Education, February 6, 2004, Vol. 50, Issue 22, pp. B10-12.  Direct Texas State University permalink @
http://libproxy.txstate.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=12408860&site=ehost-live.  A valid Texas State University user name and password are required.

From the publisher's note for Ian Buruma & Avishai Margalit/Occidentalism: The West In The Eyes Of Its Enemies (Penguin 2004):
"Twenty-five years after Edward Said's Orientalism, a whole field of study has developed to analyze and interpret the denigrating fantasies of the exotic "East" that sustained the colonial mind. But what about the fantasies of "the West" in the eyes of our self-proclaimed enemies"?
For more on Edward Said's Orientalism and critics of his book, see:
Charles P. Freund/2001 Nights:The End Of The Orientalist Critique/Reason/December, 2001

Gary Kamiya/How Edward Said took intellectuals for a ride/Salon.com December 06, 2006
Maya Jasanoff/Before and After Said/London Review of Books, June 8, 2006
Efraim Karsh and Rory Miller/Did Edward Said Really Speak Truth to Power?/Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2008, pp. 13-21.

See also:
David Cannadine/Ornamentalism: How The British Saw Their Empire (Oxford Univ. Press 2001)
"David Cannadine's Ornamentalism is so stimulating and original that it will now and forever after be read hand in hand with Edward Said's Orientalism." (boldface added)  This is the comment of Wm. Roger Louis, Editor-in-Chief, The Oxford History of the British Empire, Oxford University Press.

Reviews of David Cannadine's Ornamentalism:
Sarah Lyall/Was the Sahib, Then Just a Snob?/NYT August 25, 2001
His (David Cannadine's book Ornamentalism) serves as a riposte of sorts to Edward Said's highly influential work ''Orientalism'' (1978), which argued that Western attitudes toward the nonwhite world have traditionally been informed by a manufactured notion of ''otherness,'' used both to interpret and control it and to bolster the West's own sense of identity.  Mr. Cannadine feels that Mr. Said's thesis is indeed valid, but only up to a point. (boldface added)
Benjamin Schwarz/A Bit Of Bunting/The Atlantic, November 2001

From Stanley Kurtz's article:
Is Islam the best way to understand the war on terror? Tribalism may offer a clearer view of our enemies' motivations.

"Universal male militarization, surprise attacks on apparent innocents based on a principle of collective guilt, and the careful group monitoring and control of personal behavior are just a few implications of a system that accounts for many aspects of Middle Eastern society without requiring any explanatory recourse to Islam. The religion itself is an overlay in partial tension with, and deeply stamped by, the dynamics of tribal life. In other words--and this is Salz-man's central argument--the template of tribal life, with its violent and shifting balance of power between fusing and fissioning lineage segments, is the dominant theme of cultural life in the Arab Middle East (and shapes even many non-Arab Muslim populations). At its cultural core, says Salzman, even where tribal structures are attenuated, Middle Eastern society is tribal society.
...
The swift and seemingly disproportionate resort to retaliatory force against apparently trivial offenses is an effective technique for suppressing future challenges. Most of the feuds Salzman describes, however weighty and enduring, break out over seemingly petty and inconsequential matters, like the mistaken appropriation of some palm trunks. Rifle shots, intentionally off the mark, are used to intimidate, as are calculated threats of murder. The careful use of targeted force and credible threats against Western critics of Islamism shows genuine mastery of the technique of deterrent intimidation. Here as elsewhere, an overtly religious action is actually shaped by a hidden tribal template.
...
The most disturbing lesson of all is that, in the absence of fundamental cultural change, the feud between the Muslim world and the West is unlikely ever to end. Tribal feuds simmer on and off for generations, with negotiated settlements effecting only temporary respites. Among the tribes of Waziristan, the saying goes: "I took my revenge early. I waited only 100 years." The Western liberal template takes an experience of peace under the lawful authority of a state as the normal human condition. In this view, when peaceful equilibrium is disturbed, reasonable men reason together to restore normalcy".

Philip Carl Salzman's first-person statement on his book may be read at @ http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2008/04/culture_and_conflict_in_the_middle_east/.
"I argue that a major influence is Arab culture, grounded in Bedouin culture—understanding “culture” as cognitive frames which serve as “models of” the way the world is, and “models for” action in the future. Two major characteristics of Arab culture are particularist group loyalty, and balanced or complementary opposition. These models serve well for decentralized social control and security in segmentary tribal settings, but are uncongenial to inclusive polities and universalistic legal regimes.
...
Postcolonial theorists, inspired by Edward Said’s Orientalism, take a harder line, arguing that no generalization about the Middle East is valid, because such generalizations suppress the variety and diversity of reality, essentialize where no essence exists, and imposes disparaging interpretations in the service of imperialism and colonialism. But my judgment is that these postcolonial arguments are unsound and without foundation. First, all concepts and categories, without which thinking is impossible, are abstractions, encompassing the many variations of the unique individuals (whether trees, camels, or cultures) included. So abstraction and generalization are not only not the wrong things, they are the only things possible. Second, all peoples and societies are not the same; they are different, and differ significantly. Ignoring these indisputable differences is not good manners; it is ignorance or denial".

See also:
Robert Irwin/Edward Said's shadowy legacy/The Times Literary Supplement (London), May 7, 2008 (revisited)

Return To Beginning Of Syllabus

IV. Religion & Terrorism: Radical Islam
1. Religion & Terrorism
Readings: Hoffman, Chapter  4.
Bernard Lewis, "The Roots Of Muslim Rage", Atlantic Monthly, September 1990-reprinted @ this location. (pdf)
This Lewis article can also be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.
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2. Radical Islam & Terrorism
a. Origins
Readings: Laqueur, Chapter 2 (recommended).
Bernard Lewis, "The Revolt of Islam", The New Yorker, December 19, 2001- reprinted @ http://www.aijac.org.au/updates/Dec-01/031201.html
Quintan Wiktorowicz, "A Genealogy of Radical Islam", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, February 2005, Vol. 28: 75-97. This article can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.
 
William Dalrymple/Inside the Madrasas/The New York Review of Books/December 1, 2005, Vol. 52, No. 19.   Access to the entire article is restricted at this site.  The entire Dalrymple article as well as the entire Wiktorowicz article can be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html.  Scroll to the section on "Terrorism" and look for the authors and titles of these articles.  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students  in the course.

Matthias Küntzel/Jew-Hatred and Jihad: The Nazi Roots of the 9/11 attack/Weekly Standard September 17, 2007, Vol. 013, Issue 01
Jeffrey Goldberg/Seeds of Hate/NYT Sunday Book Review January 6, 2008
A German scholar argues that Muslim anti-Semitism can be traced to a project of the Nazi Party.  A review essay on Matthias Küntzel, Jihad and Jew-Hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11 (Telos Press 2007).  Read the first chapter of this book.

b. Seyyid Qutb
Readings: Buruma & Margalit, pp. 101-149.
Frederick W. Kagan/The New Bolsheviks: Understanding Al Qadea/aei.org November 16, 2005

Recommended:
Sayed Khatab, "Hakimiyyah and jahiliyyah in the thought of Sayyid Qutb", Middle Eastern Studies, July 2002, Vol. 38.
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Book Notes: Terror and Liberalism by Paul Berman (C-SPAN, June 22, 2003)
Links To Sayyid Qutb's Writings-"Milestones" & More online

On Seyyid Qutb in America, see: http://www.vagablogging.net/06-11/from-the-october-2006-issue-of-the-believer.html

Michael Scott Doran/The Saudi Paradox:The Schizophrenic Saudi State/Foreign Affairs/January-February 2004
"Saudi Arabia is in the throes of a crisis, but its elite is bitterly divided on how to escape it.  Liberal reformers seek rapprochement with the West while others side with an anti-American Wahhabi religious establishment that has much in common with al Qaeda".
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Bernard Lewis/What Went Wrong?/The Atlantic Monthly/January 2002
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David A. Charters, "Something Old, Something New...? Al Qaeda, Jihadism, and Fascism",  Terrorism & Political Violence, Spring 2007, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp. 65-93, 29 pages.

Abstract (from author): [Note: This article by David Charters is referenced above in the section of this syllabus labeled "International Terrorism" - No. 4: "Terrorism As Totalitarianism's War Against Liberalism" - immediately above No. 5: "Terrorism As Murderous Occidentalism".]

This article attempts to answer the question: Is Al Qaeda a new fascist movement? It explores this issue by comparing the situations and ideas which gave birth to fascism and jihadism and the beliefs and behaviours common to both movements. The essay demonstrates a close coherence between the two movements, but concludes that the differences between them are significant enough to proclaim that they are not the same. Indeed, Al Qaeda's jihadism may warrant a new category of analysis. Jihadism's differences from fascism notwithstanding, defeating it will be very difficult.  (boldface added)

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Irshad Manji/Soldiers of Allah/NYT Sunday Book Review January 6, 2008  - a review essay on John Kelsay, Arguing the Just War in Islam (Harvard 2007).

d. Jihadis: The Near Enemy, The Far Enemy, & Internal Debate
Readings: David C. Rapoport, "Sacred Terror: A Contemporary example from Islam", Chapter 7 in Reich (ed.) - See especially Rapoport's analysis of Abd Al-Salam Faraj, author of "The Neglected Duty", referring to jihad.  Faraj coined the terms "near enemy" and "far enemy".
Recommended:
Fawaz A.Gerges/The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (Cambridge University Press 2005)
Steve Coll/Young Osama:How he learned radicalism and may have seen America/The New Yorker/December 12 2005
Noah Feldman/ Islam, Terror & the Second Nuclear Age/NYT-Sunday Magazine/October 29, 2006

While convenient for Hamas and its supporters, this distinction is contradicted by the consistent if scattered findings of investigators, journalists, and analysts. A review ofthe evidence regarding the integration of Hamas' political activism, social services, and terrorism demonstrates the centrality of the group's overt activities to the organization's ability to recruit, indoctrinate, train, fund, and dispatch suicide bombers to attack civilian targets.

The main claim—that my work on suicide terrorism samples on the dependent variable—is simply wrong. Indeed, the authors paid no attention to the large portions of my recent book that explain what we know about factors that make resort to suicide terrorist campaigns more or less likely, and how we know it. Hence, this letter is mainly devoted to updating Ashworth, Clinton, Meirowitz, and Ramsay on my work. I also make a few comments about the general question of whether concerns about “sample bias” should carry significant weight when dealing with the complete universe of a phenomenon, as is the case in my work on suicide terrorism.

Bruce Hoffman/The Logic Of Suicide Terrorism/The Atlantic Monthly/June 2003
"The perceived randomness of suicide bombings is in large part responsible for the emotional suffering that they inflict on society. But the planners of these attacks use a strategy that is anything but random: they aim to relentlessly shrink to nothing the areas in which people can move freely".
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Bruce Hoffman; G. H. McCormick, "Terrorism, Signaling, & Suicide Attack", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, July-August 2004, Vol. 27, Issue 4.
This article by Hoffman and McCormick can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.  This article can also be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html.  Scroll to section on "Terrorism" and look for the author and title of this article.  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course.

David Bukay/The Religious Foundations of Suicide Bombings: Islamist Ideology/Middle East Quarterly Fall 2006

Recommended:
David Brooks/The Culture Of Martyrdom:How Suicide Bombing Became Not Just A Means But An End/The Atlantic Monthly/June 2002
The complete text of this Brooks article can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.
Egyptian Muftu's Opinions On Suicide Bombings & Jihad/Memri /October 01, 2003

Andrea Elliott/Where Boys Grow Up to Be Jihadis (a small neighborhood in the Moroccan city of Tetouan)/NYT Sunday Magazine, November 25, 2007
Many of the men involved in the Madrid train bombings came from one small neighborhood in the Moroccan city of Tetouan. A number of would-be suicide bombers in Iraq are from there, too.

"Since the start of the war, a few thousand foreign jihadis have heeded the call to join militant networks in Iraq. Most are men in their 20s. Typically, they fall under the influence of an imam who helps them contact intermediaries for the insurgents in Iraq, the American official told me. They go off expecting to fight a heroic battle but often find out after arriving in Iraq that they are to be deployed instead on suicide missions targeting other Muslims, the official said. Based on the accounts of captured fighters, even when they protest, they are sometimes given no choice.  'At the end of the day, nobody cares about these kids,' the official said. 'They are Al Qaeda precision-guided munition.' ...

3. Case Studies of Suicide Terrorism
a. Palestinian Suicide Bombing
Readings: Laqueur, Chapter 5 (recommended); Bloom, Chapter 2.

b. Suicide Attacks in Sri Lanka
Readings: Bloom, Chapter 3.

c. Kurdish Suicide Terrorism in Turkey
Readings: Bloom, Chapter 5.

VI. Women & Terrorism
1. Women's Role in Secular & Religious Terrorism
Readings: Cindy D. Ness, "In the Name of the Cause: Women's Work in Secular and Religious Terrorism", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, September 2005, Vol. 28: 353-373.  This article can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.
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Anat Berko, Edna Erez, "Gender, Palestinian Women, and Terrorism: Women's Liberation or Oppression?", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 30, Issue 6, June 2007, pp. 493-519.  This article can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.   A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required. (Note: Use the EBSCO data base and save to your desktop as a pdf file.)
Abstract:
Prior literature on women's participation in terrorism has paradoxically interpreted this involvement as a sign of women's newfound empowerment, and as an indication of ongoing gender oppression. The study examines the hypothesis that Palestinian women's involvement in terrorism indicates women's liberation. The data are derived from in-depth interviews with fourteen women who were detained or incarcerated in Israeli prisons for security offenses. The interviews shed light on the women's pathways to terrorism, the roles that they play in terrorist activity, and the aftermath of their security offenses within Palestinian society and culture. The study underlines the "no return" option and "no win" situation that Palestinian women who embark on terrorist activities encounter. The results demonstrate that although some women became involved in terrorism due to the sense of liberation that it provided, the women largely became disempowered in the aftermath of their offenses; rather than receiving praise for their activism as they had expected, they were shunned by others for their violation of gender expectations, and failure to fulfill traditional gender roles. The social and personal costs of involvement in terrorism for Palestinian women are analyzed, and policy implications of the findings for theory and practice are discussed.

Jolande Withuis/Suffer, fight, become a saint/signandsight.com June 12, 2007 (An essay on women and terrorism.)
"Muslima terrorism – to many this new word will sound like a contradiction in terms. This is an erroneous and dangerously naive response. The common association of women with peacefulness and harmony is a myth. Although it is quite rare for women to carry out terrorist attacks, the phenomenon is not new. (boldface added)
... Regardless of how different their respective cultures were, politics was traditionally the domain of men in all of the cultures. Women were excluded and as they were also considered to have no interest in politics, they had to prove, more than their male counterparts, their commitment and loyalty to the cause. More than that: to be allowed to participate at all, they also had to prove their courage, loyalty and competence to those sceptical and sexist brothers-in-arms, and refute the expectation that they would probably desert or fail. And there you have it: the pathway to taking it one step further.
... Political and spiritual female radicalism has a long tradition in which a pattern can be distinguished.  (boldface added)
... We should not overestimate the importance of the ancient texts in order to understand what is going on around us. The answer is not in the texts of Islam, but rather in how they are interpreted and in how they are used. It would be an illusion to think that we can find answers by studying the Koran, and a misunderstanding that we cannot comprehend anything without studying it. As a person radicalizes, the pure doctrine unmistakably becomes an obsession, but never without mediation: it always requires opportunistic interpretations and teachers. Women do not have enough power to push through a new interpretation as pure doctrine.
... Muslim fundamentalism is gender fundamentalism. Muslima terrorism is complex in that it concerns a faith that focuses on the global (and also smaller-scale) preservation of patriarchal power, while at the same time there are women who want to use this patriarchal faith to emancipate themselves, and who are even willing to resort to acts of terrorism. Based on the same ambiguity it could be appealing for their male brothers to "allow" their "sisters" to participate in the jihad, i.e.: use the women to aid terrorists or even for suicide attacks". (boldface appears in the essay)

2. Women in Jihad
Readings: David Cook, "Women Fighting in Jihad?", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, September 2005, Vol. 28: 375-384.
Anne Nivat, "The Black Widows: Chechen Women Join the Fight for Independence - and Allah", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, September 2005, Vol. 28: 413-419.
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See also:
Clifford J. Levy and Ellen Barry/Russia Says Suicide Bomber Was Militant's Widow (with photo)/NYT April 2, 2010
Officials said one of two bombers in the Moscow subway attacks (March 29, 2010) was the 17-year-old widow of an insurgent.
See photo: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2010/04/03/world/03moscow-cnd-inline1/03moscow-cnd-inline1-popup.jpg.
"In this photo distributed by Newsteam, a Russian news agency, and published in Kommersant, a Russian daily newspaper, Dzhennet Abdullayeva is identified posing with her husband Umalat Magomedov. Russian investigators have said that Ms. Abdullayeva, 17, was one of the suicide bombers who blew themselves up in the Moscow subway on March 29, and Mr. Magomedov was a militant Islamist who was killed in 2009. The agency did not give a date for the photo or explain the circumstances in which it was taken."
From the article:
"... posing with his arm around this 17-year-old woman is the man who would put her on this path, a 30-year-old militant leader who lured her from her single mother, drew her into fundamentalist Islam and married her. He was killed by federal forces in December, driving her to seek revenge. On Friday, as the photograph circulated widely, the couple turned into an unsettling symbol of Islamic militancy in Russia — deeply repugnant to most people but also likely to be embraced by other extremists as a propaganda coup, a kind of Bonnie and Clyde of the insurgency.  (boldface added)
...
'These religious ideas are very attractive, because they give a kind of alternative to the world that exists,' said Zaur Gaziyev, editor in chief of Svobodnaya Respublika, an independent newspaper in Dagestan. 'And so this young girl, who grew up without a father, who didn’t know male power, suddenly she meets a strong, brutal man, who gives her the sense of support.'

'She is herself a child,' Mr. Gaziyev said. 'I don’t think she even understood what she was doing.'

In the photograph, Ms. Abdullayeva and her husband, Umalat Magomedov, are both brandishing weapons. In a separate photograph, she is holding a grenade. Her head is covered by a black Islamic scarf.

Ms. Abdullayeva — whose first name means 'paradise' in her local Dagestani language — was one of two female suicide bombers who attacked the Moscow subway system, killing 40 people and wounding scores, the authorities confirmed Friday.

She is a striking example of the phenomenon of the so-called Black Widows — young women from the Caucasus who are deployed as human bombs and sent off to kill civilians in Russian cities, often after their husbands are killed by security forces.

Especially active in the early part of the last decade, they have carried out at least 16 bombings, including two aboard planes.

An official at the Interior Ministry of Dagestan said that it was not difficult for militant groups to recruit teenage women in a region with more women than men.

'The girls say, ‘Here is how you will live, and a man will always be beside you,’ the official said. 'There is some romance about a man with a gun, with an automatic weapon. They make the fighters into heroes, naturally. These girls aren’t thinking straight.'

Ms. Abdullayeva apparently met Mr. Magomedov through the Internet.

This happens with increasing frequency, as young women strike up Internet relationships with older men who persuade them to accept fundamentalist Islam and, out of naïveté and romantic impulse, to abandon their families, said Ragimat Adamova, news editor for Novoye Delo, a newspaper in Dagestan.

Ms. Adamova says that once women are brought into the militant structure, they typically never leave. If a woman’s husband is killed, she typically marries a second, third or even a fourth fighter.

'Crudely speaking, these women are passed along like trophies, she said. 'They do not let their girls go.' "  (boldface added)

Farhana Ali/Rocking the Cradle to Rocking the World: The Role of Muslim Female Fighters/Journal of International Women's Studies/Vol. 8. #1, November 2006 (pdf)
Somini Sengupta/Red Mosque Fueled Islamic Fire in Young Women (Pakistan)/NYT July 24, 2007

3. Female Suicide Bombers
Lindsey O'Rourke/Behind the Woman Behind the Bomb/NYT August 2, 2008 (op ed piece)
There is precious little evidence of uniquely feminine motivations driving women’s suicide attacks.

"... the root cause of suicide terrorism appears to be anger at occupying forces..."
For several informative responses to and comments on Lindsey O'Rourke's essay, including the author's reply, see: http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2008/08/suicide_bombers_f/.  The responses and comments contain useful links to additional materials on this subject.  These links include Mia Bloom, Female suicide bombers: a global trend, Daedalus, Winter 2007.

Anne Speckhard/The Emergence of Female Suicide Terrorists/Studies in Conflict and Terrorism Vol. 31, No. 11, November 2008
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Abstract:
Female suicide terrorists do not differ significantly from their male counterparts in terms of individual motivations. Although societal oppression may play a minor role in their self-recruitment to terror organizations women do not bomb themselves primarily to drive a feminist cause. Instead they act out of motivations inside conflict zones of trauma, revenge, nationalism, expression of community outrage and in non-conflict zones feelings of alienation, marginalization, negative self-identity, and a desire to act on behalf of those inside conflict zones. Groups find it to their advantage to use female bombers as they receive more media attention, increased sympathy for the terrorist cause, are able to pass security measures more easily than men, and are more dispensable because they are rarely in leadership positions.

Alissa J. Rubin/How Baida Wanted to Die/NYT Sunday Magazine, August 16, 2009
An encounter in Iraq with a (would-be) female suicide bomber.

Return To Beginning Of Syllabus

VII. Islam in the West: Globalization, "Individualization", & Radicalism
1. An Overview

Robert S. Leiken/Europe's Angry Muslims/Foreign Affairs/July-august 2005
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Timothy M. Savage, "Europe and Islam: Crescent Waxing, Cultures Clashing", The Washington Quarterly, Summer 2004, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.25-50.
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Olivier Roy/Born again to kill:Why Islamic terrorism is born in Europe/signandsight.com/August 08 2004
Lorenzo Vidino/Aims and Methods of Europe's Muslim Brotherhood/Hudson Institute-Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, vol. 4 November 1, 2006
Ian Buruma/Tariq Ramadan Has an Identity Issue: Is he an activist scholar or an extremist in scholarly garb?/NYT Sunday Magazine February 04, 2007
For a critical, highly recommended, review of this article by Buruma and much more on Western intellectuals and radical Islam, see:
Paul Berman, "Who's Afraid of Tariq Ramadan?: The Islamist, the journalist, and the defense of liberalism", The New Republic, June 4, 2007, Vol. 236, No. 4, 814.
Berman's essay can be directly accessed here and here.  This essay can also be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required. 

Recommended Films/Videos:
For a Review Essay on Films Related to Islam in the West see:
Alan Riding/On Screen, Tackling Europe's New Reality (Review of Films by and/or about Muslims In Europe-w/links to information on noted films)/NYT/January 18 2005

2. Muslims in France
Readings: Christopher Caldwell, "The Crescent and the Tricolor", The Atlantic Monthly, November 2000.
This article can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.
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Claire Berlinski, "The Hope of Marseille", Azure Winter 2005, No. 19.
This article can be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html.  Scroll to the section labeled "Readings on Islam" and look for the author and title of this article.  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course.

Clara Beyer/The Jihadist Threat in France/Hudson Institute-Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, Vol. 3 February 16, 2006
John Rosenthal/The French Path to Jihad: Islamist inmates tell their stories/Policy Review October & November 2006
(Note: Much of the Rosenthal piece is based on the work of Farhad Khosrokhavar.  Farhad Khosrokhavar's book, Suicide Bombers: Allah's New Martyrs [Pluto Press 2005-Translated from the original 2002 French edition], is a recommended book for this course.)
See also: "French Riots Special Feature"/December 6, 2005 @ http://www.signandsight.com/features/500.html. This Special Feature contains links to many articles on Muslims in France.

Recommended Films/Videos:
Hate (French w/English subtitles 1995 [1hr. 35 min.]
An intense, violent film that depicts the life of angry, disaffected minority youth in the suburbs of Paris.  Offers some insight into the perspective of mostly Muslim rioting youth in France, although the three young men on whom this disturbing film focuses are ethnically African, Arab, and Jewish.
For more on this film see: Alan Riding/In France, Artists Have Sounded the Warning Bells for Years NYT November 24, 2005.

Excerpt from Alan Riding essay on the film "Hate":
"So life often imitates art. Yet with the recent uprisings in some French immigrant neighborhoods, this cliché came with a new twist: art in the form of movies and rap music has long been warning that French-born Arab and black youths felt increasingly alienated from French society, that their banlieues were ripe for explosion.

Certainly, anyone who saw Mathieu Kassovitz's film, "La Haine," or "Hate," a decade ago had no reason to be surprised by this fall's violence. At the time, Kassovitz's portrayal of a seething immigrant Paris suburb, even his choice of the word "hate" for his title, seemed shocking, even exaggerated. Today, the movie could almost pass as a documentary.

In "Hate," burning cars light up the soulless space between high-rise public housing projects as local residents protest the beating of a young Arab, Ahmed. Nearby, graffiti proclaim: "Don't forget, the police kill." Three angry and restless youths - a Jew, an Arab and a black - visit Ahmed in the hospital and are themselves beaten by the police. They plan revenge".
See also:  http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contemp1/lahaine.htm

Chaos (French w/English subtitles 2001 [1hr. 49 min.]
"Although comedy takes precedence in most parts of the film, it is the social commentary part that will spark the most debate. France has the largest Muslim population in Europe, mostly from its citizens who are from its former colonies in North Africa. Culture clashes are inevitable when a burgeoning and mostly traditional Muslim society slowly assimilates itself within a Western society that lives by much different values. In this film, Serreau tries to address the hot issue of traditional Muslim society’s treatment of women, specifically the issue of fathers “selling” their teenage daughters into marriages with much older men. Melodrama aside, “Chaos” has a serious message to convey to its audience and it does it with force and without fear".
Excerpt from:  http://www.dvdtown.com/review/chaos/11612/1928/

3. Muslims in Britain
Readings:
Christopher Caldwell/Jihadtropolis?: After Londonistan/NYT June 25, 2006
James Brandon/Islam rises among young Britons/The Christian Science Monitor/July 11 2005
Sukhdev Sandhu, "Come hungry, leave edgy", London Review of Books, October 9, 2003, Vol. 25, No. 19. - An informative review essay on the novel Brick Lane by Monica Ali. The essay provides much material on the experiences of immigrants to Britain, including Muslim immigrants.  Sukhev Sandu's review essay can be accessed onine @ http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n19/sand01_.html. This review essay can also be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html.  Scroll to section on "Readings on Islam" and look for the author and title of this article.  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course.

Recommended Films/Videos
My Son The Fanatic (British 1997) [1hr. 27 min.]
For more on this film see: June Thomas/The First 7/7 Movie: In the Wake of the London Bombings, a look back at My Son the Fanatic/slate.com/July 18 2005

4. Muslims in Germany
Readings: Peter Schneider/The New Berlin Wall/NYT Sunday Magazine/December 4 2005
Andrew Curry, "Riot Control: Why There Were No Riots In Germany", The New Republic, TNR Online | Post date 11.16.05
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Mark Landler/German Judge Cites Koran, Stirring Up Cultural Storm/NYT March 23, 2007
Mark Landler/After Lifetime in Germany, Turks Still Alone/NYT March 25, 2007
"Four decades after the first Turks arrived as guest workers, they are reaching retirement in a land that still feels foreign."
Mark Landler and Nicholas Kulish/Arrest of One Turk in Germany Brings New Scrutiny to a Society of 2.7 Million/NYT September 08, 2007
Nicholas Kulish/Turkish Newspapers Vie for Fluency in Two Societies/NYT November 11, 2007
Norbert F. Pötz/Life in a Parallel Society: Muslims in Germany/spiegel.de/international/April 16, 2008

5. Muslims in America
Readings: Spencer Ackerman, "Religious Protection: Why American Muslims Haven't Turned To Terrorism" The New Republic, December 12, 2005.
This article can be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html.  Scroll to section on "Readings on Islam" and look for the author and title of this article.  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course.  

Nina Bernstein/In American Cities, No Mirror Image of Muslims of Leeds/NYT/July 21 2005

For another perspective on the issue of Muslims in America turning to terrorism see: Andrea Elliott/A Call to Jihad, Answered in America/NYT, Sunday, July 12, 2009.
"The case has forced federal agents and terrorism analysts to rethink some of their most basic assumptions about the vulnerability of Muslim immigrants in the United States to the lure of militant Islam. For years, it seemed that “homegrown” terrorism was largely a problem in European countries like Britain and France, where Muslim immigrants had failed to prosper economically or integrate culturally. By contrast, experts believed that the successful assimilation of foreign-born Muslims in the United States had largely immunized them from the appeal of radical ideologies.

The story of the Twin Cities men does not lend itself to facile categorizations. They make up a minuscule percentage of their Somali-American community, and it is unclear whether their transformation reflects any broader trend. Nor are they especially representative of the wider Muslim immigrant population, which has enjoyed a stable and largely middle-class existence."

Neil MacFarquhar/Iraq's Shadow Widens Sunni-Shiite Split in U.S./NYT February 04, 2007

Michael Moss and Souad Mekhennet/An Internet Jihad Aims at U.S. Viewers/NYT October 15, 2007

Neil MacFarquhar/For Muslim Students (in U.S.), A Debate on Inclusion (with photos)/NYT February 21, 2008

Neil MacFarquhar/To Muslim girls in U.S., Girl Scouts offer a chance to fit in NYT November 28, 2007

VIII. Islam in Russia: 19th Century Empire, Soviet and Modern Eras

For an informative and insightful analysis of the pre Soviet Russian empire's relations with its large Muslim populations that may offer a comparative perspective on the allegiance of Muslim populations in modern Western states, see the review essay by Orlando Figes, "Islam: The Russian Solution", The New York Review of Books, December 21, 2006, Vol. LIII, No. 20, pp. 74-77.  The review essay is on two books: Robert D. Crews/For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia (Harvard University Press 2006) and Shireen T. Hunter/Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security (M. E. Sharpe 2004).  Sections 1 and 2, pp. 74-76, of this essay  focusing on Robert Crews' book are especially useful.
"For Prophet and Tsar is an original and revelatory book. Clearly written and well researched, it sheds new light on the complex interplay between the imperial state and its Muslim subjects in a way that may illuminate contemporary debates about how to secure the allegiances of Muslim populations in modern Western states. Crews's analysis of the imperial politics of religion presents a cogent and persuasive explanation of the Russian empire's relative stability in its Muslim territories during the long nineteenth century. It is refreshing to see the question posed this way, not with a view to discovering the social forces that undermined the empire in the longer run, but with a view to understanding the sources of the empire's durability. For what strikes one about the Russian empire is not that it collapsed, as all empires do, but rather that it managed to survive so long (and resurrect itself in the Soviet era) in such a vast and backward landmass as Eurasia, where the Russians were themselves no more than a large minority. The first national census of 1897 showed that Russians made up only 44 percent of the empire's population, and that they were one of the slowest-growing ethnic groups. The Muslim population, with its high birth rate, was the fastest-growing ethnic group in the empire".  (boldface added)
Read the first 38 pages of  the Introduction to Robert D. Crews' book here.

This review essay by Orlando Figes can be accessed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html.  Scroll to the section on "Readings on Islam" and look for "Figes: Islam:The Russian Solution".  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course.

See also: Leon Aron, "Jihadi Murat"-  a  review essay on Robert D. Crews/For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia (Harvard University Press, 2006) and Gordon M. Hahan/Russia's Islamic Threat (Yale University Press, 2007), The New Republic, November 5, 2007, Vol. 237, No. 4, 824, pp. 42-49.  This review essay is directly accessible @ this location.  This Leon Aron essay in The New Republic is also accessible @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library with a valid Texas StateUniversity User Name and password.

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IX. Defeating Terrorism: Terrorist Organization, Intelligence, Interrogation, & Moral Dimensions
1. Terrorist Organization & Strategy
Readings:
Brad McCallister, "Al Qaeda & the Innovative Firm: Demythologizing the Network", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, July-August 2004, Vol. 27, Issue 4.
This article by McCallister can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.

Bruce Hoffman, "The Changing Face of al Qaeda & the Global War on Terrorism", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, November-December 2004, Vol. 27,  Issue 6.
This Hoffman article can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.

Second, in the wake of the global financial crisis, al-Qaeda has stepped up a strategy of economic warfare. "We will bury you," Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev promised Americans 50 years ago. Today, al-Qaeda threatens: "We will bankrupt you." Over the past year, the group has issued statements, videos, audio messages and letters online trumpeting its actions against Western financial systems, even taking credit for the economic crisis. However divorced from reality these claims may be, propaganda doesn't have to be true to be believed, and the assertions resonate with al-Qaeda's target audiences.

Heightened security measures after the Christmas Day plot, coupled with the likely development of ever more sophisticated passenger-screening and intelligence technologies, stand to cost a lot of money, while the war in Afghanistan constitutes a massive drain on American resources. Given the economic instability here and abroad, al-Qaeda seems to think that a strategy of financial attrition will pay outsize dividends.

Third, al-Qaeda is still trying to create divisions within the global alliance arrayed against it by targeting key coalition partners. Terrorist attacks on mass-transit systems in Madrid in 2004 and London in 2005 were intended to punish Spain and Britain for participating in the war in Iraq and in the U.S.-led war on terrorism, and al-Qaeda continues this approach today. During the past two years, serious terrorist plots orchestrated by al-Qaeda's allies in Pakistan, meant to punish Spain and the Netherlands for participating in the war on terrorism, were thwarted in Barcelona and Amsterdam.
...
Fourth, al-Qaeda is aggressively seeking out, destabilizing and exploiting failed states and other areas of lawlessness. While the United States remains preoccupied with trying to secure yesterday's failed state -- Afghanistan -- al-Qaeda is busy staking out new terrain. The terrorist network sees failing states as providing opportunities to extend its reach, and it conducts local campaigns of subversion to hasten their decline. Over the past year, it has increased its activities in places such as Pakistan, Algeria, the Sahel, Somalia and, in particular, Yemen.

Once al-Qaeda has located or helped create a region of lawlessness, it guides allies and related terrorist groups in that area, boosting their local, regional and -- as the Northwest Airlines plot demonstrated -- international attack capabilities. Although the exact number of al-Qaeda personnel in each of these areas varies, and in some cases may include no more than a few hard-core terrorists, they perform a critical force-multiplying function. Their help to indigenous terrorist groups includes support for attacks -- by providing weapons, training and intelligence -- and, equally critical, assistance in disseminating propaganda, such as by building Web sites and launching online magazines modeled on al-Qaeda's.

Fifth and finally, al-Qaeda is covetously seeking recruits from non-Muslim countries who can be easily deployed for attacks in the West. The group's leaders see people like these -- especially converts to Islam whose appearances and names would not arouse the same scrutiny that persons from Islamic countries might -- as the ultimate fifth column. Citizens of countries that participate in the U.S. visa-waiver program are especially prized because they can move freely between Western countries and blend easily into these societies."

Alan Cullison/Inside Al-Qaeda's Hard Drive/The Atlantic Monthly/September 2004
The complete text of Cullison's article can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.

Eric Schmitt and Tom Shanker/U.S. Adapts Cold-War Idea to Fight Terrorists/NYT March 18, 2008
Recommended Book: Marc Sageman/Understanding Terror Networks (University of Pennsylvania Press 2004)

2. Intelligence, Interrogation/Torture, & Moral Dimensions
Readings:
Elshtain, Chapter 4, "Is The War Against Terrorism Just?" [At Reserve Desk Texas State University Library]
Laqueur, Chapters 6, 8 (recommended).
Berman, Chapters VI., VII.
Bruce Hoffman/A Nasty Business (Torture & Intelligence Gathering Against Terrorists-Should We Care?)/The Atlantic Monthly/January 2002
Mark Bowden/The Dark Art Of Interrogation/The Atlantic Monthly/October 2. 2003
"The most effective way to gather intelligence and thwart terrorism can also be a direct route into morally repugnant terrain. A survey of the landscape of persuasion."
The complete texts of the Hoffman & Bowden articles can be accessed @  Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.
Charles Krauthammer/The Truth about Torture/The Weekly Standard/December 5 2005, Vol. 011 Issue 12
Andrew Sullivan, "The Abolition of Torture", The New Republic, December 19, 2005 - A critique of Krauthammer's position on torture.
This article can be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html. Scroll to section on "Terrorism" and look for the author and title of this article.  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course.
Edward Rothstein/Reconsidering the Role of the Warrior in our Post-Enlightenment World/NYT August 06, 2007 (revisited)

Benjamin Weiser/How to Keep an Ex-Terrorist Calm and Talking/NYT December 9, 2007
Michael Moss & Souad Mekhennet/Jail Protests by Militants Win Privileges and Visits by Wives/NYT December 31, 2007
Scott Shane/Inside the Interrogation of a 9/11 Mastermind (w/multimedia & photos)/NYT Sunday, June 22, 2008
Katherine Zoepf/Deprogramming Jihadists (w/photo)/NYT Sunday Magazine November 9, 2008
The Saudi government is trying to rehabilitate violent Islamists by addressing their psychological needs. Could therapy be the best sort of counterterrorism?

"Though the exact nature of the role that religious belief plays in the recruitment of jihadists is the subject of much debate among scholars of terrorism, a growing number contend that ideology is far less important than family and group dynamics, psychological and emotional needs. 'We’re finding that they don’t generally join for religious reasons,' John Horgan told me. A political psychologist who directs the International Center for the Study of Terrorism at Penn State, Horgan has interviewed dozens of former terrorists. 'Terrorist movements seem to provide a sense of adventure, excitement, vision, purpose, camaraderie,' he went on, 'and involvement with them has an allure that can be difficult to resist. But the ideology is usually something you acquire once you’re involved.'

Other scholars emphatically disagree, stressing the significance of political belief and grievance. But if the Saudi program is succeeding, it may be because it treats jihadists not as religious fanatics or enemies of the state but as alienated young men in need of rehabilitation.  (boldface added)
...
In Saudi Arabia, psychological disorders are often understood as the results of a person finding himself somehow outside the traditional circle of family and community. Most of the counseling that the inmates receive is focused on helping them to develop more healthful family relationships. “We use Western psychiatric techniques together with Islamic techniques,” T. M. Otayan, the center’s staff psychologist, says, referring to the intensive religion classes. A number of the inmates have received diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder, he adds, but he claims serious mental illness among the former jihadists is rare.
...
How and why violent extremists come to leave their organizations are a fairly new focus in academic studies of terrorism. Horgan’s findings — that simple fear and disillusionment can play a major role in an individual’s decision to disengage from his group — seem to be echoed by a recent RAND Corporation report on the demise of terrorist groups, which found that efforts by police and intelligence agents to create intense internal pressure within terrorist groups are more successful at fighting extremism than military actions."

Eric Lipton, Eric Schmitt and Mark Mazzetti/Review of Jet Bomb Plot Shows More Missed Clues (w/links to related materials & graphic for unconnected threads)/NYT January 18, 2010

Films/Videos:  Battle Of Algiers (1967) (Revisited)
Readings Related To This Film:
Jenkins, "The Battle Of Algiers", pp. 72-79; Jenkins, "Terrorism And Politics", pp. 79-83.
[The Jenkins materials cited here are available at the Reserve Desk Texas State University Library]; Hoffman, pp. 57, 60-64.
Alan A. Stone/Reel Terrorism: Reconsidering The Battle Of Algiers/Boston Review/February-March 2003 (Revisited)
Richard Vinen, "Electric Koran" (Use & Ramifications Of Torture In The Algerian War 1954-1962), London Review Of Books, Vol. 23 No. June 2001.
The Vinen article can be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html.  Scroll to the section on the "Arab-Israeli Conflict" and look for the author and title of this article.  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course.

X. The Future Of Terrorism
Readings:
Laqueur, Chapters 9, 10, and Conclusion (recommended); Hoffman, Chapter 9.

The first chapter (pdf) of How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns by Audrey Kurth Cronin (Princeton 2009).

Scott Shane/Rethinking Which Terror Groups to Fear/NYT Week In Review Sunday, September 27, 2009
The terrorism news is mixed: Charges of fresh plots amid signs that Al Qaeda’s appeal is on the slide among Muslims.

Thomas Rid, Marc Hecker/The Terror Fringe: The deterritorialized tail of jihad/Policy Review December 2009 & January 2010
"The afghan-pakistan border region is widely identified as a haven for jihadi extremists. But the joint between local insurgencies and global terrorism has been dislocated. A combination of new technologies and new ideologies has changed the role of popular support: In local insurgencies the population may still be the “terrain” on which resistance is thriving — and counterinsurgency, by creating security for the people, may still succeed locally. But Islamic violent extremism in its global and ambitious form is attractive only for groups at the outer edge, the flat end of a popular support curve. Jihad failed to muster mass support, but it is stable at the margin of society. Neither the West nor its enemies can win — or lose — a war on terror. "
 
Jessica Stern/The Protean Enemy (al Qaeda)/Foreign Affairs/July-August 2003 [This link provides access to a preview of the article.]
The entire Stern article can be viewed @ http://www.arnoldleder.com/readings/index.html.  Scroll to section on "Readings on Islam" and look for the author and title of this article.  This location is password protected.  Password and user name for access will be provided to students in the course.

BruceHoffman, "Al-Qaeda,Trends In Terrorism & Future Potentialities:An Assesssment" Studies In Conflict & Terrrorism, Vol. 26:429-442 November 2003.
The Stern and Hoffman articles can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required. 
This Hoffman article can also be accessed @ BruceHoffman/AlQaeda,TrendsInTerrorismAndFuturePotentialities:AnAssesssment/rand.org/publications/P/P8078/P8078.pdf.

James Fallows, "Declaring Victory: A New Stategy For The Fight Against Terror", The Atlantic Monthly, September 2006.
This article can be accessed @ Locating Periodicals @ Texas State University Library.  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.

Mark Landler & John Markoff/Digital Fears Emerge After Data Siege in Estonia/NYT May 29, 2007
"... what some here describe as the first war in cyberspace (boldface added), a monthlong campaign that has forced Estonian authorities to defend their pint-size Baltic nation from a data flood ...  The bulk of the cyberassaults used a technique known as a distributed denial-of-service attack. By bombarding the country’s Web sites with data, attackers can clog not only the country’s servers, but also its routers and switches, the specialized devices that direct traffic on the network.  ...  To magnify the assault, the hackers infiltrated computers around the world with software known as bots, and banded them together in networks to perform these incursions. The computers become unwitting foot soldiers, or zombies, in a cyberattack.  ...   In one case, the attackers sent a single huge burst of data to measure the capacity of the network. Then, hours later, data from multiple sources flowed into the system, rapidly reaching the upper limit of the routers and switches.  ...  Because of the murkiness of the Internet — where attackers can mask their identities by using the Internet addresses of others, or remotely program distant computers to send data without their owners even knowing it — several experts said that the attackers would probably never be caught. American government officials said that the nature of the attacks suggested they were initiated by “hacktivists,” technical experts who act independently from governments. ...   Mr. Evron, an executive at an Internet security firm called Beyond Security, is a veteran of this kind of warfare. He set up the Computer Emergency Response Team, or CERT, in Israel. Web sites in Israel are regularly subjected to attacks by Palestinians or others sympathetic to their cause.  ...  'Whenever there is political tension, there is a cyber aftermath,' Mr. Evron said, noting that sites in Denmark became targets after a newspaper there published satirical cartoons depicting the prophet Muhammad".

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Academic Honesty Statement Texas State University
Learning and teaching take place best in an atmosphere of intellectual freedom and openness. All members of the academic community are responsible for supporting freedom and openness through rigorous personal standards of honesty and fairness. Plagiarism and other forms of academic dishonesty undermine the very purpose of the university and diminish the value of an education.

Academic Offenses
Students who have committed academic dishonesty, which includes cheating on an examination or other academic work to be submitted, plagiarism, collusion, or abuse of resource materials, are subject to disciplinary action.
a. Academic work means the preparation of an essay, thesis, report, problem assignments, or other projects which are to be submitted for purposes of grade determination.
b. Cheating means:
1. Copying from another student’s test paper, laboratory report, other report or computer files, data listing, and/or programs.
2. Using materials during a test unauthorized by person giving test.
3. Collaborating, without authorization, with another person during an examination or in preparing academic work.
4. Knowingly, and without authorization, using, buying, selling, stealing, transporting, soliciting, copying, or possessing, in whole or part, the content of an unaministered test.
5. Substituting for another student—or permitting another person to substitute for oneself in taking an exam or preparing academic work.
6. Bribing another person to obtain an unadministered test or information about an unadministered test.
c. Plagiarism means the appropriation of another’s work and the unacknowledged incorporation of that work in one’s own written work offered for credit. (Underline Added)
d. Collusion means the unauthorized collaboration with another person in preparing written work offered for credit.
e. Abuse of resource materials means the mutilation, destruction, concealment, theft or alteration of materials provided to assist students in the mastery of course materials.
Penalties for Academic Dishonesty
Students who have committeed academic dishonesty may be subject to:
a. Academic penalty including one or more of the following when not inconsistent:
1. A requirement to perform additional academic work not required of other students in the course;
2. Required to withdraw from the course with a grade of “F.”   (Underline Added)
3. A reduction to any level grade in the course, or on the exam or other academic work affected by the academic dishonesty.
b. Disciplinary penalty including any penalty which may be imposed in a student disciplinary hearing pursuant to this Code of Conduct. ****************************************************************************************************
B.A. in POLITICAL SCIENCE - LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1.    Students will demonstrate the ability to ask relevant questions pertaining to Political Science.
2.    Students will demonstrate the ability to recognize and evaluate assumptions and implications.
3.    Students will demonstrate the ability to examine and evaluate different sides of an issue.
4.    Students will demonstrate the ability to state and defend a thesis that is clear, direct, logical, and substantive in the area of Political Science.
5.    Students will demonstrate the ability to find and use a variety of appropriately cited sources.
6.    Students will demonstrate substantive knowledge of concepts and facts relevant to Political Science.

For students in Public Administration:
BPA – PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1.    Students will demonstrate critical thinking and problem solving skills.
2.    Students will demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively in writing.
3.    Students will demonstrate effective oral communication skills.
4.    Students will demonstrate a fundamental understanding of key public administration and management concepts related to their internship experience or applied research project.
5.    Students will demonstrate an understanding of ethical issues in public administration.
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