Archives For American Foreign Policy & Problems In American Foreign Relations

Dr. Arnold Leder

Note: These archival materials are provided as a resource for students.  A number of the links may be "down" or moved to another location on the Web.  Other links, such as those for the websites of The New York Times and The Atlantic Monthly, no longer provide free, direct access to archived materials.  The materials in these "gated" sites can be accessed
@Locating Periodicals At Texas State University Library  A valid Texas State University User Name and Password are required.

In all of these cases, the citation should assist in efforts to find the materials.

Some of these materials may seem dated, especially those, polemical in nature, related to an event or decison such as the decision to send American forces into Iraq.  However, they may retain value for an historical perspective.  Other materials have a longer "shelf life".
 

Links To Topics
Iraq
America & Europe, America & The World
Islamism
Islam & The West
The State Of Middle East Studies
Terrorism

I. Iraq

Books
Kenneth M. Pollack/The Threatening Storm: The Case For Invading Iraq (Council On Foreign Relations-Random House 2002)

Articles
FouadAjami/Iraq&TheArabs'Future/ForeignAffairs/January-February2003
MichaelScottDoran/Palestine,Iraq,andU.S.Strategy/ForeignAffairs/January-February2003 The Importance Of The Symbolism Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
(Access to Doran article @ SWTLibrary requires a valid User Name for SWT and a Password.)

For a view different from those of  Ajami and Doran  with regard to the importance of the Israeli-Palestininan conflict for American interests in the Middle East see:
Michael Ignatieff/TheBurden:AmericanEmpire/NYT/SundayMagazine/January05.2003 Ignatieff maintains that the U.S. must impose a peace agreement on Israelis & Palestinians if an attack against Iraq and larger American objectives in the Middle East are to be successfully pursued.

For an illustration of the symbolism described by Doran in helping to define Arab identity see:
FrankBruni/DreamingOfPalestine,TeenagerWritesANovel(NoteSymbolismOfArab-IsraeliConflictHelping
DefineThisTeenager'sSenseOfArabIdentity)/NYT/December28.2002

RichardK.Betts/SuicideFromFearOfDeath:IfSaddamStrikesBack/ForeignAffairs/January-February2003
(Access to Betts article @ SWTLibrary requires a valid User Name for SWT and a Password.)

Robert D. Kaplan/A Post-Saddam Scenario/The Atlantic Monthly | November 2002
Iraq could become America's primary staging ground in the Middle East.And the greatest beneficial effect could come next door, in Iran.

James Fallows/The Fifty-first State?(Iraq)/TheAtlantic/November 2002
Going to war with Iraq would mean shouldering all the responsibilities of an occupying power the moment victory was achieved. These would include running the economy,keeping domestic peace, and protecting Iraq's borders—and doing it all for years, or perhaps decades. Are we ready for this long-term relationship?

JasonZengerle/AtHomeAbroad:CanTheIraqiExilesRemakeIraq?/TheNewRepublic/December23.2002

DavidBrooks/Saddam'sBrain:TheIdeologyBehindTheThuggery/WeeklyStandard/November11.2002

MarkBowden/TalesOfTheTyrant:WhatDoesSaddamHusseinSeeInHimselfThatNoOneElseInTheWorldSeemsToSee?/Atlantic/May2002

JerroldM.Post/ExplainingSaddamHussein:APsychologicalProfile/PBS.Org/Frontline
This psychological profile of Saddam Hussein evaluating his personality and political behavior was prepared by Jerrold M. Post, a professor of psychiatry, political psychology, and international affairs. Post presented this analysis to the House Armed Services Committee in December 1990, on the brink of the U.S. going to war with Iraq.
 

BrianUrquhart/TheProspectOfWar(ReviewOfKennethM.Pollack's"TheThreateningStorm:TheCaseFor
InvadingIraq")/TheNewYorkReviewOfBooks/December19.2002
RichardBernstein/ReviewOfKennethM.Pollack'sTheThreateningStorm/NYT/October22.2002
FrederickW.Kagan/ReviewOfKennethM.Pollack'sBookTheThreateningStorm:TheCaseForInvadingIraq
(RandomHouse2002-384pp.)/Commentary/December2002
MarcGross/AHawkWhoEarnedHisFeathersUnderClinton(OnKennethPollack,AuthorOf"TheThreateningStorm:TheCaseFor
InvadingIraq")/Forward/November01.2002

KennethM.Pollack/WhyIraqCan'tBeDeterred/NYT/September26.2002

WilliamD.Nordhaus/TheEconomicConsequencesOfAWarWithIraq/YaleUniversity/November.2002

FouadAjami/TwoFaces,OneTerror:Saddam'sSecular,Osama'sIslamist.It'sNotAnImportantDistinction/WSJ/November16.2002

The Question of A Just War
GeorgeWeigel/MoralClarityInATimeOfWar/FirstThinss/January2003

The Bush Foreign Policy "Team"
JasonA.Vest/The Men From JINSA and CSP/TheNation/Sep't.02.2002
BillKeller/TheSunshineWarrior(OnDeputySecretaryOfDefensePaulWolfowitz)/SundayMagazineNYT/Sept.22.2002
ToddS.Purdum/Embattled,Scrutinized,PowellSoldiersOn/NYT/July25.2002

Satire & Conspiracy Thinking, Or...
*TheReportFromIronMountain/LeonardLewin/Nov.1967(WithRemarksByLeonardLewin/NYTBookReview/March19.1972)
ReportFromIronMountain/Background&DescriptionOfReport/museumofhoaxes.com/iron.html
LeslieWayne/SoMuchForThePlanToScrapOldWeapons/NYT/December22.2002

Iraq, The War On Terrorism, & The Left
*GeorgePacker/TheLiberalQuandryOverIraq/NYTSundayMagazine/December08.2002
*EdwardRothstein/LeftHasHardTimeInEraOfTerrorism/NYT/December21.2002
MichaelBerube/Ali vs. Hitchens: Battle on the Left/ChronicleOfHigherEducation/May 3, 2002

Against War With Iraq
MichaelMassing/TheMoralQuandry:Anti-ImperialismVs.Humanitarianism(ContainsLinksToAnti-WarArticles)/TheNation/January06.2003
MichaelWalzer/CanThereBeADecentLeft?/Dissent/Spring2002
MichaelKazin/APatrioticLeft/Dissent/Fall2002
NoWarWithIraq/TheNation/LinksToAnti-WarSites&Articles
JoyGordon/CoolWar(AgainstIraq):EconomicSanctionsAsAWeaponOfMassDestruction/Harpers/December2002

For War With Iraq
ChristopherHitchens/SoLong,FellowTravelers/WashingtonPost/october21.2002
Jonathan Rauch/The Mullahs and the Postmodernists/TheAtlantic/January/2002
SalmanRushdie/ALiberalArgumentForRegimeChange/WashingtonPost/November01.2002
JonathanChait/WhyLiberalsShouldSupportTheWar/TheNewRepublic/October10.2002

On Symbols Of Patriotism
PeterDreier&DickFlacks/Patriotism'sSecretHistory/TheNation/June3.2002
 

Additional Materials Of Interest
JayBookman/The president's real goal in Iraq/The Atlanta Journal-Constitution: 9/29/02

CharlesP.Freund/DroppingInsultsOverIraq:HeSaid,SheSaid, EdwardSaid/Reason/December04.2002

Saul Landau/NoThreatFromIraq/opendemocracy/November29.2002
AnthonyLewis/BushAndIraq/TheNewYorkReviewOfBooks/November07.2002

TimothyGartonAsh/TheCapitalMakesUpItsMind(WarMoodInWashington-RemakeTheMiddleEast)/NYT/December12.2002

JohnF.Burns/Hussein's Obsession: An Empire of Mosques/NYT/December15.2002

BruceAckerman/TheLegalityOfUsingForce(UNCharter,Treaties,SupremacyClauseOfU.S.Constitution&War-Iraq)/NYT/Sept.21.2002

NorvilleB.DeAtkine/WhyArabsLoseWars/AmericanDiplomacy/November30.2002
________________________________
Return To Beginning Of Archives

Or go to one of these topics within the archives:
Iraq
America & Europe, America & The World
Islamism
Islam & The West
The State Of Middle East Studies
Terrorism
________________________________

II. America & Europe, America & The World

Books
Samuel P. Huntington/The Clash Of Civilizations & The Remaking Of World Order (Simon & Schuster 1996)

Articles
Samuel P.Huntington,"TheClashOfCivilizations?"(The original essay)

*RobertKagan/Power&Weakness(WesternEurope&US:DifferencesInPower,Perspective&PoliticalCulture)/PolicyReview/June-July02
StevenErlanger/AmericaTheInvulnerable?TheWorldLooksAgain/NYT/July21.2002/Erlanger'sPieceIsOnEuropeanReactionTo:
R.Kagan/"Power&Weakness"
RonaldD.Asmus&KennethM.Pollack/TheNewTransatlanticProject:AResponseToRobertKagan/PolicyReview/October02.2002

Charles Krauthammer/"TheUnipolarMomentRevisited"/TheNational Interest/Winter2002-2003
"The future of the unipolar era hinges on whether America is governed by those who wish to retain, augment, and use unipolarity to advance not just American but global ends, or whether America is governed by those who wish to give it up either by allowing unipolarity to decay as they retreat to Fortress America, or by passing on the burden by gradually transferring power to multilateral institutions as heirs to American hegemony."
(Access to Krauthammer article @ SWTLibrary requires a valid User Name for SWT and a Password. The online article is PDF.)

PhilipH.Gordon/BridgingTheAtlanticDivide/ForeignAffairs/January-February2003
(Access to Gordon article @ SWTLibrary requires a valid User Name for SWT and a Password.)

FareedZakaria/OurWay:TheTroubleWithBeingTheWorld'sOnlySuperpower/TheNewYorker/October14.2002(IncludesRemarksOn
RobertKagan's Power&Weakness(WesternEurope&US:DifferencesInPower,Perspective&PoliticalCulture)/PolicyReview/June-July2002

RobertD.Kaplan/TheComingAnarchy/TheAtlantic/February1994
RobertD.Kaplan/TheWorldIn2005/TheAtlantic/March/2002

Charles A. Kupchan/The End of the West/TheAtlantic/November2002
The next clash of civilizations will not be between the West and the rest but between theUnited States and Europe—and Americans remain largely oblivious.

JohnIkenberry/(TheLuresOfPreemption)America'sImperialAmbition/ForeignAffairs/September-October2002

*Francis Fukuyama/Has History Started Again?/Policy(The Centre for Independent Studies-Australia)/Winter2002
StanleyKurtz/TheFutureOf"History"/FrancisFukayama&SamuelP.Huntington/PolicyReview/June-July2002
*FrancisFukuyama/"HasHistoryRestartedSinceSeptember11?"/19thAnnualJohnBonythonLecture/Melbourne/August08.2002
Rodney Dalton/Interview With Francis Fukuyama/Liberal democracy - that's all, folks/The Weekend Australian 3-4 August 2002
*FrancisFukuyama/BeyondOurShores:Today's"Conservative"ForeignPolicyHasAnIdealistAgenda/WallStreetJournal/December24.2002

RogerKimball/FailuresOfNerve(OnAnti-Americanism)/TheNewCriterion/November21.2002

Niall Ferguson/WarNames/NYT/SundayMagazine/December15.2002
The best way to ensure that war becomes more frequent, says Ferguson would be for the U.S. to follow the European impulse and disarm...

FareedZakaria/TheRiseOfIlliberalDemocracy/ForeignAffairs/November-December1997

Anti-Semitism In Europe
*Christopher Caldwell/Liberte,Egalite,Judeophobie/WeeklyStandard:WhyLePenIsTheLeastOfFrance'sProblems/May6.2002
*ChristopherCaldwell/Liberte,Egalite,Judeophobie,Part 2/WeeklyStandard/April27.2002
Yair Sheleg/A campaign of hatred:The anti-Semitic incidents in Europe...`the new anti-Semitism.'/Haaretz/May05.2002
OrianaFallaci/IStandWithIsrael:IStandWiththeJews/Corriere della Sera-Italy/December02.2002/EnglishTranslationInFrontPageMagazine
Fallaci, the Italian journalist known for her strong views and critical essays and interviews, angered many of her previous admirerers on the European left with this essay and her
subsequent book OrianaFallaci/TheRageAndThePride(October2002) which her critics maintain are evidence of her betrayal of her earlier leftist views and her decided turn to the right.
Fallaci attacks increasing anti-Semitism in Europe and, in her view, the West's failure to confront radical Islam.  "The Fallaci Affair" has become a cause celebre in Europe and has
attracted some attention in America.  For more on Fallaci see:ChristopherCaldwell/TheFallaciAffair/Commentary/October2002(Access to the Caldwell article @ SWTLibrary requires a valid SWT User Name and Password.) and RodDreher/Oriana'sScreed/NationalReview/October08.2002

Additional Materials of Interest
Views From The "Right"
Mick Hume/The anti-imperialism of fools(On Western Hostility To Israel)/NewStatesman/June17.2002
Josef Joffe /The Axis of EnvyWhy Israel and the United States both strike the same European nerve/ForeignPolicy/SeptOct.2002
AndrewSullivan/MemoToEurope:GrowUpOnIraq/SundayTimesOfLondon/August11.2002

Views From The "Left"
John Newhouse/The Threats America Faces/WorldPolicyJournal/Summer2002
BruceAckerman/TheLegalityOfUsingForce(UNCharter,Treaties,SupremacyClauseOfU.S.Constitution,War-Iraq)/NYT/Sept.21.2002
John Lewis Gaddis/A Grand Strategy/ForeignPolicy/Nov-Dec.2002
President George W. Bush's national security strategy could represent the most sweeping shift in U.S. grand strategy since the beginning of the Cold War. But its success depends on the willingness of the rest of the world to welcome U.S. power with open arms.

A Discussion Of Great Power Politics
PeterGowan/ACalculusOfPower/New Left Review/16, July-August 2002
In this review essay Gowan notes that JohnJ.Mearsheimer/TheTragedyOfGreatPowerPolitics disdains liberal-imperial
rhetoric for a tough-minded theory of ‘offensive realism’.  Gowan argues that, whatever its merits, the behaviour of states in the international system cannot be dissociated from the internal dynamics of the political orders they protect. This essay offers an
insightful discussion of "realism", "defensive realism", reference to Paul Wolfowitz, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense, and more.

Evangelicals & U.S. Foreign Policy
NicholasD.Kristof/Following God Abroad(Evangelicals&U.S.ForeignPolicy)/NYT/May 21, 2002
ColumLynch/IslamicBloc&ChristianRightTeamUpAtUN(DiscomfortForBushAdmin.)/WashingtonPost/June17.2002

Idealism & Realism In U.S. Foreign Policy
David Brooks/A Man On a Gray Horse(OnReinholdNiebuhr-Idealism&Realism&U.S.ForeignPolicy)/TheAtlantic/September 2002
JudithMiller/Keeping U.S. No. 1: Is It Wise? Is It New?NYT/October26.2002

A European Philosophical View
BrunoLatour/WarOfTheWorlds:WhatAboutPeace?/MATRIX/DonIdhe(Ed.)/June25.2002/TranslatedFromFrench
OriginalPaperDeliveredJune25.2002at"Knowledge&Discourse2"/AnIntn'l.Conference/HongKong/25-29June,2002
Bruno Latour/WarOfTheWorlds:WhatAboutPeace?/PricklyParadigm/Summer/Fall 2002/Publication In English

More On America & Europe, America & The World
Demography&TheWest:HalfABillionAmericans?/TheEconomist/August22.2002
FrankBruni/PersistentDropInFertilityReshapesEurope'sFuture/NYT/December26.2002
StevenErlanger/An American Coffeehouse (or 4) in Vienna/NYT/June 1, 2002
EmilyEakin/AnOldAmour,MoreOffThanOn(French-BashingInU.S.)/NYT/July06.2002
SergeSchmemann/U.S.RetreatsOnDemandsForImmunityInWarCourt(Intn'l.CriminalCourt)/NYT/July11.2002

Missile Defense
MissileDefense:SlidePresentation/BBC/2001
EricSchmitt/BushOrderingMissileShieldsAtSitesInWest(WithLinkToGraph)/NYT/December18.2002
DavidE.Sanger/Bush&PutinToSignTreatyToCutNuclearWarheads(ArticleContainsRelatedLinks)NYT/May14.2002
________________________________
Return To Beginning Of Archives

Or go to one of these topics within the Archives:
Iraq
America & Europe, America & The World
Islamism
Islam & The West
The State Of Middle East Studies
Terrorism
________________________________

III. Islamism

Books
Gilles Kepel/Jihad: The Trail Of Political Islam (Harvard Univ. Press 2002)

Articles
*BernardLewis/TheRootsOfMuslimRage/TheAtlantic/September1990
(Also found @*BernardLewis/TheRootsOfMuslimRage/ReprintedInPolicy/Summer01-02)
BernardLewis/What Went Wrong?/AtlanticMonthly/January2002
BernardLewis/KnowThyEnemy-DeconstructingOsama: BinLadenIsStillPopularInTheArabWorld Why?/WSJ/August23.2002
BernardLewis/TheRevoltOfIslam/TheNewYorker/December19.2001

Graham Fuller/The Future Of Political  Islam/ForeignAffairs/March-April2002

WalterLaqueur/AFailureOfIntelligence(CriticalReviewEssayOfKepel'sJihad-LaqueurMaintainsKepel&Others
HaveMisread&UnderestimatedIslamism)/TheAtlantic/March2002

FranklinFoer/TheLifeOfALiberalMuslim/TheNewRepublic/November18.2002
KhaledAbouElFadl/ThePlaceOfToleranceInIslam/BostonReview/December2001-January 2002

Philip Jenkins /The Next Christianity/The Atlantic Monthly/October 2002
We stand at a historical turning point, the author argues—one that is as epochal for the Christian world as the original Reformation. Around the globe Christianity is growing and mutating in ways that observers in the West tend not to see. Tumultuous conflicts within Christianity will leave a mark deeper than Islam's on the century ahead.
Philip Jenkins, the author of "The Next Christianity" in the October Atlantic, argues that most Americans and Europeans are blind to Christianity's real future/TheAtlantic/Unbound/Interviews/September 12, 2002
R.ScottApple/ReviewOfPhilipJenkins/TheNextChristendom:TheComingOfGlobalChristianity(Oxford2002)/NYT/May12.2002

JeremyHarding/TheGreatUnleashing(ReviewOfGillesKepel,Jihad:TheTrailOfPolitical Islam)/LondonReviewOfBooks/July25.2002
JamesPiscatori/TheTurmoilWithin:TheStruggleForTheFutureOfTheIslamicWorld(ReviewEssayOfBernardLewis,What
WentWrong?& GillesKepel,Jihad:Expansion&DeclineOfTheIslamistMovement)/ForeignAffairs/May-June2002
EdwardSaid/ImpossibleHistories:WhyTheManyIslamsCannotBeSimplified(ReviewOfKarenArmstrong,Islam:AShort
History[2002]&BernardLewis'BookWhatWentWrong?WesternImpact&MiddleEasternResponse[2002]/Harpers/July2002
RobinWright/Jihad:PredictingAnIslamicReformation(ReviewOfGillesKepel,Jihad:TheTrailOfPolitical Islam-Harvard2002)/NYTBookReviews/May 26, 2002
JohnGray/HowMarxTurnedMuslim/NotAncient,ButModern:IslamistMilitantsHaveWesternRoots/TheIndependentUK/27July2002/
(AReviewEssayOf: A Fury For God: The Islamist Attack on America by Malise Ruthven, Granta, £15, 315pp; Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam by Gilles Keppel; The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity by Tariq Ali,Verso, £15, 342pp.)
MaliseRuthven/RadicalIslam'sFailure:TheTensionBetweenThePiousMiddleClass&TheUrbanPoorInMuslimStatesHasBeenExploited ByAuthoritarianGovernments(RemarksOnTheViewsOfGillesKeppel&BernardLewis)/Prospect-magazineUK/July2002
Stanley Kurtz/Root Causes(ReviewOfBernardLewis'WhatWentWrong?)/PolicyReview/April-May2002

Bernard Lewis/Islamic Revolution(OnIran-WithLinkToExchangeofViews))/The New York Review of Books/January 21, 1988

DanielPipes/TheWesternMindOfRadicalIslam/FirstThings/December1995

HusainHaqqani/Islam'sMedievalOutposts/ForeignPolicy/November-December2002

FrancisFukuyama/Can Any Good Come Of Radical Islam? A modernizing force? Maybe./WSJ/September 12, 2002
FrancisFukuyama&NadavSamin&Critics:ModernizingIslam/Commentary/December2002

DanielPipes/MoveTowardMilitantChristianity?/JerusalemPost/November27.2002
Daniel Pipes/Who Is the Enemy?/Commentary/January 2002

TariqAli/Mullahs and Heretics/LondonReviewOfBooks/7 February 2002

Additional Materials Of Interest
DavidZeidan/The Islamic Fundamentalist View of Life as a Perennial Battle/MeriaJournal,V.5,N.4/December.2001

DavidWarren/DavidWarrenOnline.com/Wrestling with Islam(PersonalViewOfAJournalist)/December03.2002

ReuvenPaz/IslamistsAbroad:TheGlobalJihadMovementInTheWest/Australia/Israel&JewishAffairsCouncil/October.2002

NavidKermani/RootsOfTerror:Suicide,Martyrdom,Self-Redemption&Islam/opendemocracy.net/February21.2002

Laura Secor/Which Islam?(OnStephenSchwartz,AuthorOf"TheTwoFacesOfIslam")BostonGlobe/December15.2002

AndrewG.Bostom/A WahhabismProblem:MisleadingHistoricalNegationism/NationalReview/December06.2002

AdamShatz/AnArabPoetWhoDaresToDiffer(OnAdonis)/NYT/July13.2002

MaliseRuthven/CulturalSchizophrenia/opendemocracy.net/September27.2001

CharlesKrauthammer/Violence&Islam/WashingtonPost/December06.2002

RuthBaldwin/The 'Talibanization' of Bangladesh/TheNation/May17.2002

JamesTurnerJohnson/Jihad&JustWar/FirstThings/June-July2002

C.J.Chivers/Uzbek Militants' Decline Provides Clues to U.S./NYTOctober08.2002

RalphPeters/Rolling Back Radical Islam/Parameters/Autumn.2002

JamesCarroll/ReviewOfHosseinNasr'sTheHeartOfIslam(Harper2002-338pp.)/NYTBookReview/Sept.08.2002

WhatWentWrong?/InterviewWithBernardLewis:Bernard Lewis Discusses the past, present, and future of the Middle East/PrincetonAlumniWeekly/September 11, 2002
Michael Steinberger/Lunch with the FT:/ OnRemarksByBernard LewisWahhabism/FinancialTimes/August11.2002

James Buchan/TheLastGreatHeresy(ReviewOfMaliseRuthven'sAFuryForGod/324pp, Granta-June2002)/TheGuardian/July06.2002

Daniel J. Wakin/Online in Cairo, With News, Views and 'Fatwa Corner'/NYT/October29.2002

AshutoshVarshney/EthnicConflict&CivicLife:Hindus&MuslimsInIndia(YaleUniv.Press2002)

The Saudis
VictorDavisHanson/OurEnemiesTheSaudis/Commentary/July-August2002
Neil MacFarquhar/A Few Saudis Defy a Rigid Islam to Debate Their Own Intolerance/NYT/July12.2002
Gov't.Blocked&FilteredWebSitesInSaudiArabia/cyber.law.harvard
CraigSmith/Saudi IdlersAttractRadicals&WorryRoyals/NYT/December17.2002
CraigSmith/A Movement in Saudi Arabia Pushes Toward an Islamic Ideal/NYT/December09.2002

The World Beauty Contest In Nigeria
NigeriaStateOfficialsUrgeMuslimsToKillFashionWriter/AgenceFrance-Presse/NYT/November27.2002
AndrewSullivan/Beauties&TheBeasts:IslamistsVs.MissWorld/Salon.com/Nov.27.2002/&AndrewSullivan.com/Nov.28.2002
KathaPollitt/AsMissWorldTurns/TheNation/December23.2002
MarkSteyn/AFatwaOfOne'sOwn(OpinionPieceOnWorldBeautyContestInNigeria&SalmanRushdieAffair)/NationalPost/December05.2002

Salman Rushdie & Other Targets Of Islamism
SalmanRushdie/NoMoreFanaticismAsUsual/NYT/November27.2002
MarkSteyn/SatanicWesternResponses(RemarksOnSalmanRushdieAffair)/JerusalemPost/December16.2002
Meredith Tax/Taslima'sPilgrimage(ReviewOfMeyebela,MyBengaliGirlhood)/TheNation/November18.2002
JulieSalmon/FatwaVictimOrFraud?:MysteryEnshroudsKolaBoof(Sudanese),Writer&InternetPersona/NYT/December11.2002
MarliseSimons/BehindTheVeil:AMuslimWomanSpeaksOut(ASomaliWomanPressesForTheEmancipationOf MuslimWomenInTheNetherlands )/NYT/November09.2002

OpinionPieces&OtherPiecesOnIslam[B.Lewis,M.Kramer,Rushdie,others]/LinksTheObjectivistCenter/Jan.29.2002

Islam & Democracy In Turkey
DavidRemnick/LetterFromIstanbul:TheExperiment(WillTurkeyBeTheModelForIslamicDemocracy?)/TheNewYorker/Nov.12.2002
BarryRubin/Turkey'sDisillusionWithEurope/JerusalemPost/December24.2002 (The Jerusalem Post requires registration which is free.)

Anti-Semitism In Islam
BernardLewis/MuslimAnti-Semitism/TheMiddleEastQuarterly/June1998
YossefBodansky/Islamic Anti-Semitism as a Political Instrument/http://www.freeman.org/m_online/jan98/bodansk.htm
EfraimKarsh/The Long Trail of Arab Anti-Semitism/http://www.aijac.org.au/review/2001/263/essay263.html
MartinKramer/On the Salience of Islamic Anti-Semitism/Full text of a lecture delivered at the Institute of Jewish Affairs in London and published in its "Reports" series (no. 2, October 1995).
RobertS.Wistrich/MuslimAnti-Semitism:AClear&PresentDanger/TheAmericanJewishCommittee/April2002
DanielPipes/ReviewOfBernardLewis'Book"Semites and Anti-Semites"(1986)/TheWallStreetJournal/June27.1985
DanielPipes//The New Anti-Semitism/TheJewishExponent/October16.1997
AndrewSullivan/Protocols/TheNewRepublic/December05.2001
SusanSachs/Anti-SemitismIsDeepeningAmongMuslims/NYT/April27.2002
Ehud Ya'ari: Not Just Anti-Semitic Lies/JerusalemReport/December16.2002
Daniel J.Wakin/Anti-Semitic 'Elders of Zion' Gets New Life on Egypt TV/NYT/October26.2002
Dhimmis and Dhimmitude:Bat Ye'or and others/dhimmi.org
GeorgeF.Will/'Final Solution' phase 2/JerusalemPost/May08.2002
DavidL.Kertzer/TheModernUseOfAncientLies/NYT/May09.2002

More On Anti-Semitism
RuthWisse/At the UN It’s Ok to Be Anti-Semitic/WeeklyStandard/April22.2002
MichaelFreund/BritishLecturerJustifiesSuicideBombings(AttacksBernardLewis&MartinKramerAsZionists)J.Post/July10.2002
________________________________
Return To Beginning Of Archives

Or go to one of these topics within the Archives:
Iraq
America & Europe, America & The World
Islamism
Islam & The West
The State Of Middle East Studies
Terrorism
________________________________

IV. Islam & The West

Books
Bernard Lewis/What Went Wrong? Western Impact & Middle Eastern Response (Oxford Univ. Press 2002)
 

Recommended Book
V. S. Naipaul/Among The Believers: An Islamic Journey (Alfred A. Knopf 1981)
See Naipaul/AmongTheBelievers/TheAtlantic/July1981 for much of the first four chapters of Naipaul's book.

Articles
Samuel P.Huntington,"TheClashOfCivilizations?"(The original essay) (A second look at this classic essay)
EdwardSaid/TheClashOfIgnorance(CriticalViewOfHuntington'sClashOfCivilizationsEssay)TheNation/October22.2001
Michael Steinberger/A Head-On Collision of Alien Cultures?/InterviewWithSamuelP.Huntington/NYT/October20.2002
StanleyKurtz/TheFutureOf"History"/FrancisFukayama&SamuelP.Huntington/PolicyReview/June-July2002

*V.S.Naipaul/OurUniversalCivilization/The1990WristonLecture/manhattan-institute.org/html/wl1990.htm
V.S.Naipaul/AmongTheBelievers/TheAtlantic/July1981
This essay includes much of the first four chapters of Naipaul's book which carries the same title as his essay.
See:V. S. Naipaul/Among The Believers: An Islamic Journey (Alfred A. Knopf 1981)
The section of the book which consists of these four chapters (pp.3-82) has the heading: "Iran: The Twin Revolutions".  This section is devoted to Naipaul's observations during his travels in Iran in the early years of the Islamic Revolution.

AvishaiMargalit,IanBuruma/Occidentalism/TheNewYorkReviewOfBooks/January17.2002
JohahGoldberg/Occidental Tourist:TravelsInALostArgument/NationalReview/February 4, 2002
Goldberg dissects the clash between Edward Said and Bernard Lewis and their respective supporters.  He offers his own view of the meaning of the more recent term "occidentalism" as discussed by Avishai Margalit and Ian Buruma in their essay "Occidentalism".  Goldberg charges Margalit and Buruma with uncritcal acceptance of Said's views.  Referring to their essay, Goldberg says: "... a much-discussed essay in the January 17 New York Review of Books, titled "Occidentalism," simply takes for granted that Orientalism is an irrational, unjustified animus toward the East."
VictorDavidHanson/Occidentalism/NationalReview/May10.2002

FareedZakaria/ThePoliticsOfRage:WhyDoTheyHateUs?/Newsweek/October15.2001

BernardLewis/Jihad vs. Crusade:A historian's guide to the new war/WallStreetJournal/September 27, 2001

V.S. Naipaul On Islam & The West
V.S. Naipaul/NYT/Archival Links/June07.1998
LinksToArticles,Essays,&ReviewsOn&ByV.S.Naipaul/BrothersJudd.com
DavidBrooks/TheClosingOfTheIslamicMind/WeeklyStandard/October11.2001
FouadAjami/TheTraveler'sLuck:V.S.Naipaul'sMisunderstandingOfIslam/TheNewRepublic/July13.1998
M.Ignatieff/InTheNameOfTheMostMerciful(ReviewOfNaipaul's"BeyondBelief:IslamicExcursionsAmongTheConvertedPeoples")
NYTBookReview/June07.2002
FouadAjami/InSearchOfIslam(ReviewOfNaipaul'sAmongTheBelievers)/NYT/Books/October25.1981
Andrew Robinson/V. S. Naipaul, at 70(MadnessInIslam)/TimesOnline.co.UK/August07.2002
MichikoKakataniAn Opinionated Traveler Drawn to the Developing World(ReviewOfV. S. Naipaul'sNewBook"TheWriter and the World"[Knopf-2002]/NYT/August13.2002
DaphneMerkin/ReviewOfV.S.Naipul'sTheWriter&TheWorld/NYT/Sept.01.2002
Naipaul saves his greatest scorn for ''the people who substitute doctrine for knowledge and irritation for concern, the revolutionaries who visit centers of revolution with return air tickets,
the hippies, the people who wish themselves on societies more fragile than their own, all those people who in the end do no more than celebrate their own security.''

BarbaraCrossette/Study Warns of Stagnation in Arab Societies/NYT/July02.2002
DennisOverbye/HowIslamWon,AndLost,TheLeadInScience/ScienceTimes/NYT/October30.2001

FouadAjami/What the Muslim World Is Watching/NYT/November 18. 2001

DavidPryce-Jones/RetreatsIntoFantasy:OnHistoricalMisunderstandingsBetweenIslam&TheWest/NewCriterion/November21.2002

Mark A. Heller/September 11: The Clash within Civilizations-Islam vs. The West?StrategicAssessment(JaffeeCenterForStrategicStudies-TelAvivUniversity)/Feb.2002/Vol.4.No.4

RobertD.Kaplan/LookingTheWorldInTheEye(LengthyBackgrounderOnSamuelP.HuntingtonWithLinks)/Atlantic/December 2001
ACollectionOfResponsesToSamuelP.Huntington's"TheClashOfCivilizations?"(IncludingABriefResponseByFouadAjami)

Additional Materials Of Interest
Stanley Kurtz/Root Causes(ReviewOfBernardLewis'WhatWentWrong?)/PolicyReview/April-May2002

Islam & Democracy
BernardLewis/Islam&LiberalDemocracy:AHistoricalOverview/JournalOfDemocracy/1996-7.2/[AtMt.Holyoke]
RobinWright/Islam&LiberalDemocracy:TwoVisionsOfReformation/JournalOfDemocracy/1996-7.2/[AtMt.Holyoke]
AbdouFilali-Ansary/Islam&LiberalDemocracy:The ChallengeOfSecularization/JournalOfDemocracy/1996-7.2/[AtMt.Holyoke]
MohamedElhachmiHamdi/Islam&Liberal Democracy:LimitsOfTheWesternModel/JournalOfDemocracy/1996-7.2/[AtMt.Holyoke]
LaithKubba/Islam&LiberalDemocracy:RecognizingPluralism/JournalOfDemocracy/1996-7.2/[AtMt.Holyoke]
Stephen Schwartz/Democracy and Islam After September 11:The case for optimism/WeeklyStandard/December13.2002
WernerSchiffauer/DemocraticCulture&ExtremistIslam/opendemocracy.net/October16.2002
JamesQ.Wilson/TheReformIslamNeeds/CityJournal/Autumn2002/Vol.12,No.4.
MarkSteyn/SatanicWesternResponses(RemarksOnSalmanRushdieAffair)/JerusalemPost/December16.2002

The Arab World
BarryRubin/TheRealRootsOfArabAnti-Americanism/ForeignAffairs/November-December2002
BarryRubin/TheGreatLeapBackward:TheReturnOfThe"OldMiddleEast"/aijac/July2002
ShlomoAvineri/FailedDemocratizationInTheArabWorld(AvineriMaintiansThatIslamIsNotTheReason)/Dissent/Fall2002

Views On  Islam& The West
9/11:IslamicWorlds/Debates-LinksToEssaysOnIslam&West/OpenDemocracy.net
IslamInThe21stCentury(LinksToEssays&InterviewsOnIslam&Islam&TheWest)/NewPerspectivesQuarterly/Winter2002
RogerKimball/WhyTheWest?(OnHuntington, TheMissWorldContestInNigeria&RogerScruton'sTheWest&TheRest)/TheNewCriterion/January03.2003
See: RogerScruton/TheWest&TheRest:Globalization&TheTerroristThreat

Europe & Islam
ChristopherCaldwell/AllahMode:France'sIslamProblem/TheWeeklyStandard/July15.2002
Bruce Bawer/Tolerating Intolerance: The Challenge of Fundamentalist Islam in Western Europe/PartisanReview/July19.2002
TheodoreDalrymple/TheBarbariansAtTheGatesOfParis(OnTheLargeImmigrantMuslimPopulation)/CityJournal/Autumn2002
Europe&Islam/SeriesOfArticlest-Debates/opendemocracy.net
MarliseSimons/BehindTheVeil:AMuslimWomanSpeaksOut(ASomaliWomanPressesForTheEmancipationOf MuslimWomenInTheNetherlands )/NYT/November09.2002
FarrukhDhondy/LondonMuslims"Celebrate"9/11/CityJournal/Summer2002

Islam In America
Daniel Pipes and Khalid Durán/Faces of American Islam/PolicyReview/August2002

Religious Identity As Root Of Irish Conflict Challenged
Fintan O'Toole/LesserEvils(ReviewOf Ireland'sHolyWars:TheStruggleForANation'sSoul,1500-2000 ByMarcusTanner-YaleUniv. Press)/TheNewRepublic/August19&26.2002 O'Toole challenges the book's "misleading" title and the conventional view held by Tanner that religious identity is at the root of the Irish conflict.  In O'Toole's words: "What Ireland shows, again and again, is how the meaning of religious identity changes under the pressure of political and economic forces."
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Or go to one of these topics within the Archives:
Iraq
America & Europe, America & The World
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Islam & The West
The State Of Middle East Studies
Terrorism
________________________________

V. The State Of Middle East Studies

Books
Martin Kramer/Ivory Towers On Sand (Washington Institute For Near East Policy 2001)
David Cannadine/Ornamentalism: How The British Saw Their Empire (Oxford Univ. Press 2001)
"David Cannadine's Ornamentalism is so stimulating and original that it will now and forever after be read hand in hand with Edward Said's Orientalism."
This is the comment of Wm. Roger Louis, Editor-in-Chief, The Oxford History of the British Empire @ OxfordUniv.Press:DescriptionOfDavidCannadine'sBookOrnamentalism.

Edward Said/ Orientalism (Random House 1978)
For a  discussion of "postmodernism" and "postcolonialism", useful in reading Edward Said's Orientalism and assessing the intellectual conflict in which his work has played a role, although he is not discussed in this article, see: *EdwardRothstein/MoralRelativityIsAHotTopic?True,Absolutely(WesternReactionToTerrorism&Islamism)/NYT/July13.2002
(This article is recommended as supplementary reading for Edward Said's Orientalism.)
For an interesting example of early 20th century European fiction which reflects the kinds of images of the Orient about which Edward Said has written but does so in an unusual fashion,
see: Louis Couperus,(Revised & Edited by E.M.Beekman-Translated From Dutch)/The Hidden Force (Univ. Of Mass. 1985)
In Beekman's introduction to this novel written in 1900 about the Dutch colonial experience in Indonesia, he quotes the Dutch author, Couperus, a romantic of his time who believed
in supernatural forces: "I believe that benovolent and hostile forces float around us right through our ordinary, everyday existence.  I believe that the Oriental, no matter where he
comes from can command more power over these forces than the Westerner who is absorbed by his sobriety, business and making money."  In his review essay of this book in The
New York Review Of Books/August 11, 1994, Ian Buruma suggests that "The Hidden Force opens an interesting and fresh angle on the idea of Orientalism.  For Couperus made use of
all the symbols that became the clichés of East and West, which Edward Said has identified with colonial apologetics...But far from using these images of Occident and Orient to justify colonialism, Couperus shows the futility of European rule."
(Louis Couperus' The Hidden Force is recommended as an illustration of the themes discussed in Edward Said's Orientalism.)

Articles
*Bernard Lewis/"The Question Of Orientalism" in Bernard Lewis/Islam And The West (Oxford University Press 1993), pp. 99-118.
(Reserve Desk at SWT Library)  This essay is Bernard Lewis' response to Edward Said's attack against Lewis and other "orientalists" . Bernard Lewis and others are discussed in Said's Orientalism.  Lewis' response has been cited by many critics of Edward Said.  Said's rejoinder to Bernard Lewis and others who, in Said's view, have either failed to adequately respond to the points he has presented in Orientalism or have misunderstood or misappropriated his thesis is found in Said's "Afterword" to the 1994 edition of Orientalism.

EdwardSaid/ImpossibleHistories:WhyTheManyIslamsCannotBeSimplified(ReviewOfKarenArmstrong,Islam:AShort
History[2002]&BernardLewisWhatWentWrong?/Harpers/July2002

*CharlesP.Freund/2001Nights:TheEndOfTheOrientalistCritique/Reason/December2001
KeithWindschuttle/EdwardSaid's"OrientalismRevisited"/TheNewCriterion/January17.1999

F.GregoryGausseIII/WhoLostMiddleEasternStudies?:TheOrientalistsStrikeBack/ForeignAffairs/March-April2002
DannyPostel/IslamicStudies'YoungTurks/TheChronicleOfHigherEducation/September13.2002
A new generation of scholars deplores problems of Muslim world and seeks internal solutions.

Ornamentalism & Orientalism
PeterHansen/Ornamentalism&Orientalism:VirtualEmpires&ThePoliticsOfKnowledge/JournalOfColonialism&ColonialHistory
Volume 3.1 Spring2002 (Access to this link @ SWTLibrary requires a valid SWT User Name & Password, available to all SWT students.)

Reviews Of David Cannadine's Ornamentalism
BenjaminSchwarz/ABitOfBunting(ReviewOfDavidCannadine'sBook"Ornamentalism)/TheAtlantic/November2001
Ian Buruma/Class Acts :A Review of Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire by David Cannadine/From The New Republic October11.2001@powells.com/review
P. J. Marshall/ReviewOf David Cannadine'sOrnamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire/@ihrinfo.ac.uk/reviews
KenanMalik/ReviewOfDavidCannadine'sOrnamentlism/kenanmalik.com/reviews
JohnDerbyshire/ReviewOfDavidCannadine'sOrnamentalism/NationalReview/December03.2002
Fouad Ajami/Married to the Raj/NYT/SundayBookReview/August 26, 2001
Sarah Lyall/Was the Sahib, Then, Just a Snob?; A Provocative Book Says the Class System, Not Racial Pride, Ruled Brittania(ReviewOfDavidCannadine'sOrnamentalismWithRemarksOnEdwardSaid'sOrientalism)/ NYT/August 25, 2001

A Museum For The British Empire
AlanRiding/DisplayingTheBritishEmpireForPosterity/NYT/January04.2003

Backgrounder On Bernard Lewis
JayTolson/ASageForTheAge-PortraitOfBernardLewis/U.S.News.com/December03.2001

Critics  OfThe Middle East Studies Associatian (MESA)  & Middle East Studies On  University  Campuses &  An Evaluation Of  The Contoversy
DanielPipes/Jihad&TheProfessors/Commentary/November2002
FranklinFoer/SanFransiscoDispatch:Disoriented(November2001MiddleEastStudiesAssoc.Meeting)/NewRepublic/Dec.03.2001
MartinKramer/MESA: Nothing Learned, Nothing Forgotten/MartinKramer.org/October 2, 2002
MartinKramer/MESACulpa/TheMiddleEastQuarterly/Fall2002
IvoryTowers.org/A Site Dedicated To Martin Kramer's Book & Articles About It

Stanley Kurtz/The Terror of Islam:John Esposito struggles to sanitize Islamic thought/ReviewOfUnholy War:Terror in the Name of Islam by John L. Esposito/WeeklyStandard/May27.2002 See: JohnEsposito/UnholyWar:TerrorInTheNameOfIslam

Tim Cavanaugh/Campus Comedy:A bogus controversy over McCarthyism continues/Reason/October 28, 2002

Additional Materials Of Interest
Interpreting & Presenting Islam To The American Public
AlessandraStanley/APortraitOfTheProphetBehindIslam(ReviewOfA2HourPBSDocumentary"Muhammad:LegacyOfAProphet")
/NYT/December18.2002 From the review: "For all its tiptoeing through history, however, the documentary is well worth watching both as the first serious attempt to tell the story of Muhammad on television and also as a testimony to the hypersensitivity of our times."
DavidKlinghoffer/TheJewish-FriendlyKoran/NationalReview/December19.2002
DanielPipes/PBS,RecruitingForIslam/NewYorkPost/December17.2002
Martin Kramer/Islam for Viewers Like You(CritiqueOfPBSVideoEmpireOfFaith)MiddleEastForum/Winter2002
See: Islam: Empire of Faith

The Larger Intellectual Conflict Over Cultural Relativism - An Example
SamuelBrittan/TheNotSoNobleSavage(ReviewOfTheCultureCult,RogerSandall,Westview,2001)/Prospect/October.2001
RogerKimball/ThePerilsOfDesignerTribalism/(ReviewOfTheCultureCult)/TheNewCriterion/April19.2001
PatrickWolfe/TheRemorselessRight(ReviewOf/TheCultureCult)/AustralianBookReview/September2001
RaymondTallist/DreamersOfParadise:TheFailuresOfCulturalRelativism(ReviewEssayOnTheCultureCult)/ TimesLiterarySupplement/August14.2002 From the review: "The result is a diminution of life chances, and condemnation to a marginalized existence of a kind that boutique multiculturalists would not accept for themselves and their own children. Anyone reading this book will ever after hear the exculpatory phrase “in our culture” with the terror that ...  should attend the phrase 'for reasons of state'.  The ideology of culture has, one could add, replaced patriotism as the last refuge of a scoundrel."
See: RogerSandall/TheCultureCult:DesignerTribalism&OtherEssays(Westview2001/)ExcerptsFrombookAccessible

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Or go to one of these topics within the Archives:
Iraq
America & Europe, America & The World
Islamism
Islam & The West
The State Of Middle East Studies
Terrorism
________________________________

VI. Terrorism

Books
Bruce Hoffman/Inside Terrorism (Columbia Univ. Press 1998)
Walter Reich (ed.)/Origin OfTerrorism:Psychologies,Ideologies,Theologies,StatesOf Mind(JohnsHopkinsUniv.Press1990&1998)

Articles
*TheSociology&PsychologyOfTerrorism:WhoBecomesATerrorist&Why?/AReportPreparedUnderAnInteragency Agreement
ByThe Federal Research Division, Library of Congress/September 1999

Lee Harris/Al Qaeda’s Fantasy Ideology/PolicyReview/August.2002
 

Thinking About Terrorism, Evil, And Radical Egalitarianism
JudithShulevitz/There's Something Wrong With Evil/NYTSundayBookReviewSection/October 6, 2002
RonRosenbaum/DegreesOfEvil:SomeThoughtsOnHitler,BinLaden,&TheHierarchyOfWickedness/Atlantic/February 2002
*EdwardRothstein/MoralRelativityIsAHotTopic?True,Absolutely(WesternReactionToTerrorism&Islamism)/NYT/July13.2002
Jonathan Rauch/The Mullahs and the Postmodernists/TheAtlantic/January/2002

More On Terrorism/Diverse Articles
CharlesTilly/Violence,Terror,&PoliticsAsUsual:AnEpochalChangeInTheNatureOfCollectiveViolence/BostonReview/Summer2002

BruceHoffman/InterviewWithPeterBergen:OsamaBinLaden,ArguesPeterBergenInHolyWar,Inc.,UsedCorporateManagement
TechniquesToTurn AlQaedaIntoTheWorld'sPreeminentTerroristOrganization/Atlantic/January 9, 2002

BillKeller/Nuclear Nightmares/NYTSundayMagazine/May 26, 2002

RobertWright/ARealWarOnTerrorism(A 9 Part Series)/Slate/Sept.03.2002

The Intellectual Conflict Over  The Nature Of Terrorism
D.D.Guttenplan/IsReadingMiltonUnsafeAtAnySpeed/NYT/December28.2002
An article in The Times Literary Supplement of London argues that John Milton's verse play "Samson Agonistes"
is "an incitement to terrorism."
For more on this article and the intellectual debate see:ChristopherShea/WasSampsonATerrorist?/BostonGlobe/December03.2002

Additional Materials Of Interest
NavidKermani/RootsOfTerror:Suicide,Martyrdom,Self-Redemption&Islam/opendemocracy.net/February21.2002

AmirTaheri/TheDeathOfbinLadenism/NYT/July11.2002

Jonathan Rauch/Osama Bin Laden, Meet Your Closest Kin: Karl Marx/National Journal/July 12, 2002

Buffy The Vampire Slayer
LisaTozzi/InSlayingTerrorism,It'sGoodToBeBetterThanBuffy(TheVampireSlayer)/NYT/WeekInReview/August04.2002
AnthonyH.Cordon/BiologicalWarfare&TheBuffyParadigm(pdf)/Sep't.29.2001/http://csis.org/burke/hd/reports/Buffy012902

NeilMacFarquhar/HezbollahBecomesPotentAnti-U.S.Force/NYT/December24.2002

LarryRother/South America Region Under Watch for Signs of Terrorists/NYT/December15.2002
JonathanGoldberg/BlindEye:AreSouthAmericanCountriesDownplayingTheThreatOfislamicTerrorism?/AmericanProspect/Dec.20.02

The U.S. Intelligence  Community  & Terrorism
SeymourM.Hersh/MissedMessages:Why the government didn't know what it knew/NewYorker/June03.2002
PatrickE.Tyler/FeelingSecure,U.S.FailedToGraspBinLaden/NYT/Sept.08.2002
Unseen:ASpecialSectionOnIntelligencet/NYT/WeekInReview/Sept.08.2002
TimWeiner/PearlHarborAsPrologue/NYT/WeekInReview/Sept.08.2002
MiltonA.Bearden/WhenPlayingTheField,TheGameGetsRough/NYT/WeekInReview/Sept.08.2002
DexterFilkins/BinLaden'sGuysHaveCloaks&Daggers,Too/NYT/WeekInReview/Sept.08.2002
JamesBamford/EyesInTheSky,EarsToTheWall,AndStillWanting/NYT/WeekInReview/Sept.08.2002
WilliamSafire/TheSpookAwards(EvaluationOfIntelligenceAgencies/CIA,British,French,Russian,,Israeli,Iranian,Saudi,etc.)/July11.2002
America's intelligence services:Time for a rethink/The Economist/Apr 18th 2002
DavidSanger&ElisabethBumiller/No Hint of Sept. 11 in Report in August, White House Says/NYT/May 17, 2002
Michael Hirsh and Michael Isikoff/What Went Wrong:The inside story of the missed signals and intelligence failures that raise a chilling question: did September 11 have to happen?/Newsweek/May 27.2002
William Saletan/Bum Rap:Bush should have anticipated Sept. 11? Easy for you to say/slate/May 20, 2002

The classic work on intelligence, missed signals, and unheeded warnings is:
RobertaWohstetter/PearlHarbor:Warning and Decision(StanfordUniv.Press)/WinnerOf1963BancroftAward
See also: *Roberta Wohlstetter, "Cuba And Pearl Harbor: Hindsight And Foresight", Foreign Affairs, Vol. XLIII, July, 1965, pp. 691-707.
***************************
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Or go to one of these topics within the Archives:
Iraq
America & Europe, America & The World
Islamism
Islam & The West
The State Of Middle East Studies
Terrorism
________________________________